nutrition and energy balance Flashcards
What are the six major components of a balanced diet?
- Carbohydrates (50%)
- Dietary fiber
- Fats (20-35%)
- Proteins (<15%)
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
What is the primary source of energy for cellular reactions in the human diet?
Carbohydrates
How is food energy measured?
In calories
What is the basal energy requirement in a resting person?
1 kcal/min
What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?
Weight (kg) / (Height in m)^2
True or False: BMI may be misleading in children, pregnant women, and people with large muscle mass.
True
What are the five risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome?
- Increased waist circumference
- Increased blood pressure
- Increased blood glucose
- Increased blood triglycerides
- Decreased HDL cholesterol
What enzyme is activated by trypsin?
Chymotrypsin
Fill in the blank: The digestion and absorption of carbohydrates primarily occurs in the _______.
small intestine
What is the process by which triglycerides are broken down?
Lipolysis
What do micelles and chylomicrons represent in lipid absorption?
- Micelles: aggregates of large insoluble molecules
- Chylomicrons: lipids accumulated in vesicles of the smooth ER
What is the role of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?
Required for absorption of B12 in the gut
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
What is the main hormone that controls Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Thyroxine
What is the relationship between energy input and energy output for weight gain?
Energy in > energy out
What hormone is known as the hunger hormone?
Ghrelin
What hormone is known as the satiety hormone?
Leptin
What is the primary function of the liver in digestion?
Synthesis and secretion of bile
What is the process of glycolysis?
Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
What is the significance of the TCA cycle?
It is also known as the citric acid cycle and is crucial for energy production
True or False: Heat production is a direct measure of metabolic rate.
True
What is the absorption method for water in the small intestine?
Osmosis
What are the two types of water-soluble vitamins?
- Most vitamin Bs
- Vitamin C
What is the role of bile salts in lipid digestion?
Increase the surface area for pancreatic lipases to work on
What are some other measurements for monitoring nutritional status besides BMI?
- Skinfold thickness measurement
- Measurement of mid-upper arm circumference
- Appearance of ketones in urine
- Nitrogen balance
What is the primary function of pancreatic enzymes?
Digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
