liver and pancreas 2

Question 1

What serves as the precursor for bile acids?

Answer 1

Cholesterol

Question 2

Where are primary bile acids formed?

Answer 2

In hepatocytes

Question 3

What are bile salts formed from?

Answer 3

Conjugation of primary bile acids to amino acids

Question 4

What is the role of bile salts in fat digestion?

Answer 4

Emulsify fats in chyme and help form micelles

Question 5

What percentage of bile salts are reabsorbed in the small intestine?

Answer 5

<95%

Question 6

What waste products does bile eliminate?

Answer 6

Bilirubin and excess cholesterol

Question 7

What gives bile its yellow-green color?

Answer 7

Bilirubin

Question 8

What condition can excessive hemolysis lead to?

Answer 8

Hemolytic jaundice

Question 9

What can happen if excess cholesterol cannot be dispersed into micelles?

Answer 9

Formation of gallstones

Question 10

What is the storage capacity of the gall bladder?

Answer 10

Accommodates up to 50-60ml of bile

Question 11

What happens to the bile duct if the gall bladder is removed?

Answer 11

It usually enlarges and takes over the bile storing role

Question 12

What is the role of GI hormones in bile secretion?

Answer 12

Regulate the secretion of bile

Question 13

When does the gall bladder empty completely after a meal?

Answer 13

Approximately 1 hour after a fat-rich meal

Question 14

What percentage of the pancreas is involved in endocrine functions?

Answer 14

10%

Question 15

What hormones do the islets of Langerhans secrete?

Answer 15

• Insulin from beta-cells
• Glucagon from alpha-cells

Question 16

What condition is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia?

Answer 16

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Question 17

What is the main action of insulin?

Answer 17

Stimulates glucose uptake by muscle, liver, and adipose tissue

Question 18

What is glucagon’s role in glucose regulation?

Answer 18

It is a hyperglycaemic agent

Question 19

What is the key difference between the absorptive state and the post-absorptive state?

Answer 19

• Absorptive state: during the 90 min post meal
• Post-absorptive state: 3-4 hours post meal

Question 20

What does insulin signaling promote?

Answer 20

Insertion of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) into the membrane

Question 21

What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM)?

Answer 21

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells

Question 22

What is a common treatment for Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 22

Insulin therapy

Question 23

What characterizes Type 2 diabetes (T2DM)?

Answer 23

Decrease in beta-cell mass and insulin resistance

Question 24

What is the first intervention for Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)

Question 25

What are common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

* Thirst (polydipsia) * Polyuria * Sudden weight loss * Lethargy

Question 26

What type of agents require some beta-cell residual capacity to be effective?

Answer 26

Insulin secretagogues

Question 27

What do insulin sensitizers act on?

Answer 27

* Liver * Fat * Muscle

Question 28

What is the diagnostic fasting plasma glucose level for diabetes?

Answer 28

> 7 mmol/L

Question 29

What is the significance of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels?

Answer 29

Indicates average blood glucose levels over time

Question 30

What is a common complication of Type 1 diabetes related to fat metabolism?

Answer 30

Ketoacidosis

Question 31

What happens to plasma glucose levels 2 hours after a meal?

Answer 31

Falls as it is utilized by cells or stored

Question 32

What can lead to dyslipidaemia in Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 32

Increased lipolysis