nutrition and digestion lesson 1-3

Question 1

what are the 6 essential nutrients for humans?

Answer 1

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water

Question 2

which nutrient can be used to create energy and which could be stored for later?

Answer 2

nutrients that creates energy:
carbs and proteins

can store proteins:
carbs and lipids

Question 3

which substance is most important nutrient for energy production?

Answer 3

carbohydrates

Question 4

what are the functional units of all carbs?

Answer 4

glucose, fructose (simple sugars), mono and disaccharides

Question 5

difference between di and polysaccharides

Answer 5

disaccharide:
monosaccharides linked together (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

polysaccharides:
3 or more monosaccharides linked together (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Question 6

what is glycogen? where is is found?

Answer 6

a polysaccharide and is a result of excess glucose.
it is found in the liver

Question 7

what is cellulose? what is is also known as in our dietary requirements?

Answer 7

it is an indigestible substance that helps the human body eliminate waste
(aka fibre)

Question 8

which sugar is found in milk products?

Answer 8

lactose

Question 9

what nutrients is used in cellular respiration?

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 10

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2 + ATP

Question 11

what are the functional units of all proteins? how many are there?

Answer 11

amino acids
20

Question 12

are all amino acids essential?
what does this mean?

Answer 12

there are only 9 essential amino acids that must be obtained through what we eat because our body cannot produce it

Question 13

what are the functions of protein in the body?

Answer 13

building blocks, maintaining fluid balance, facilitating nutrient transportation, and providing energy when necessary

Question 14

what type of bonds connects with two amino acids?

Answer 14

covalent peptide bond
or peptide bond

Question 15

what are the types of proteins?

Answer 15

peptides:
two amino acids bonded together

polypeptides:
more than two amino acids bonded togther

Question 16

what’s the difference between complete and incomplete protein?

Answer 16

complete:
from animal products
HIGH in essential amino acids and come from animal products

incomplete:
only contains SOME amino acids and come from plants

Question 17

what are the functional units of lipids?

Answer 17

fatty acids and glycerols

Question 18

what happens to the fatty acids in the body?

Answer 18

either broken down into glycerols by the liver or stored as fat deposits in the body

Question 19

what happens to glycerols in the body?

Answer 19

is converted into glucose in the liver

Question 20

what are the differences between Saturated and Unsaturated fats?

Answer 20

Saturated:
from animal products, solid at room temp, and increases cholesterol levels

Unsaturated:
from plant products, liquid at room temp

Question 21

what are the functions of lipids in the body?

Answer 21

heat insulator, shock absorbers, energy, vitamins, and building blocks

Question 22

what are the effects of too much cholesterol in the body?

Answer 22

causes build up of plaque in the arteries and interferes with blood circulation

Question 23

difference between LDL and HDL’s

Answer 23

LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins):
bad cholesterol

HDL (High Density Lipoproteins):
good cholesterol and carries LDL to the liver to be broken down

Question 24

what are vitamins?

Answer 24

organic nutrients required in small amounts

Question 25

list the vitamins that are fat soluble

Answer 25

A, D, E, K

Question 26

describe the characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 26

absorbed in dietary fats, stored in the liver and toxic if ingested in high amounts

Question 27

describe the characteristics of water soluble vitamins

Answer 27

cannot be stored and must be consumed regularly

Question 28

what vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 28

C & B groups

Question 29

what are the functions of minerals in the body?

Answer 29

serves as building material for the body, contributes to bone structure, takes part in chemical reactions

Question 30

main functions of iron, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and sodium

Answer 30

iron: facilitates oxygen transport through hemoglobin phosphorus: maintaining bone and teeth health and energy production calcium: builds bones and aids muscle function potassium: regulates nerve/ muscle function sodium: maintains fluid balance and muscle/nerve functions

Question 31

why is water an essential nutrient?

Answer 31

helps with osmoregulation and thus maintains homeostasis

Question 32

by what methods do we lose water?

Answer 32

urinating, sweating, exhalation, defection

Question 33

what are the three main stages of digestion?

Answer 33

1. break down of food into small pieces, increasing surface area 2. absorption into blood 3. removal of waste products

Question 34

difference between chemical and mechanical digestion

Answer 34

mechanical: breaks down food to increase surface area motions help fuze small particles with enzymes

Question 35

what is an enzyme?

Answer 35

a protein the is essential for chemical digestion

Question 36

what role do enzymes play in digestion

Answer 36

speeds up chemical reactions by creating an environment for them to occur

Question 37

what happens when an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction?

Answer 37

lowers activation energy substrate binds to enzyme activation site transformation to form product then subsequently released cycle repeats

Question 38

list the factors that affect enzyme activity

Answer 38

Temperature, pH, Substrate, Enzyme Concentration, Inhibitors

Question 39

how does temperature effect enzyme activity?

Answer 39

an enzyme will become denatured (destroyed, unable to work) at high temps

Question 40

how does pHeffect enzyme activity?

Answer 40

altering a pH will cause the enzyme to work less efficiently

Question 41

how does substrate concentration effect enzyme activity?

Answer 41

more substrate = more action

Question 42

how does enzyme concentration effect enzyme activity?

Answer 42

more enzyme = more action

Question 43

how does temperature effect enzyme activity?

Question 44

what is kwashiorkor and lost symptoms

Answer 44

a disease caused by PROTEIN deficiency- usually in places of famine symptoms: thinning of hair and oedema

Question 45

what is arteriosclerosis

Answer 45

when plaque and other fats build up in your arteries interfering with blood circulation this can put you at risk of heart attacks and strokes