Nutrition and diet Flashcards
Define energy
capacity to do work
What do we use energy for in the body
- biosynthesis
- transport
- mechanical
- electrical
What is the unit for food energy
Kilojoule
What is the main form of energy in our body
chemical bond energy
What is an exergonic reaction
energy released greater than input
What is an endergonic reaction
energy input greater than released
What is the daily energy expenditure of a 70kg male
12,000 Kj
List all essential components of diet
- carbs
- proteins
- fat
- minerals and vitamins
- fibre
- water
What are the components of daily energy expenditure
- basal metabolic rate
- diet induced thermogenesis
- physical activity
What is the equation for BMI
weight (Kg) / height 2 (m)
What is the BMI range for underweight
<18.5
What is the BMI range for desirable weight
18.5 - 24.9
What is the BMI range for overweight
25 - 29.9
What is the BMI range for obese
30- 34.9
What is the BMI range for morbidly obese
> 35
Describe how kwashikor is developed
young child displaced from breastfeeding to high carb (cassava) low protein diet
What are the symptoms of kwashikors
- lethargic
- generalised and pitting odema
- enlarged abdomen ( hepatomegaly enlarged liver)
-ascites (accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity)
Describe the symptoms of marasmum
- emaciated
- muscle wasting
- hair dry
- diarrhoea
- anaemia
how many kj is in 1Kcal
4.2
How do you calculate basal metabolic rate
BMR= 100 x weight in kg
Why is BMR lower for women than men
women have less adipose tissue that is metabolically active
What are the essential amino acids
- isoleucine
- lysine
- theronine
- histidine
- leucine
- methionine
- phenylanaline
- tryptophan
- valine
What are conditionally essential amino acids
only necessary in certain conditions e.g. preganancy, growth or if certain essential amino acids are not in diet
Why are some amino acids essential
they cannot be synthesised by the body so have to be in diet
What are some reasons for malnutrition
- under nutrition
- malabsorption ( coeliac or chrohns)
- protein malnutrition
Why is oedema caused in kwashikors
- liver does not have enough AA to make normal levels of proteins like albumin
- lower plasma oncotic pressure increases fluid moving out of capillaries
What is refeeding syndrome
when a malnourished patient is rapdily refed energy rich foods
What are the issues with refeeding syndrome
- rapid increase of sugar and insulin resulting in glycogen, protein and fat synthesis
- depletes already low electrolyte store
- results in electrolyte abnormalities (hypophospatemia)
How should a malnourished person be refed to avoid refeeding syndrome
5-10 kcal per kg per day
why do vegetarians have to eat alot of protein rich foods
protein of animal origin is considered high quality so contains all essential amino acids but protein of animal origin considered low quality are deficient in some essential AAs
