NUTRITION AND COMPLEX MOLECULES Flashcards by Sharmaine Lozano

The oligosaccharides are usually attached to amino acids ____ (O-linked, synthesized in gOlgi bodies), or _______ (N-linked, synthesized in eNdoplasmic reticulum)

serine

asparagine

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promotes thrombosis (platelet adhesion and aggregation) and vasoconstriction; produced by platelets

Thromboxane

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VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE is a coenzyme for what reactions?

o Transamination of amino acids

o Decarboxylation of glutamate and histidine

o ALA synthase

o Cystathionine synthase

o Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

o Glycogen phosphorylase

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active form of Vit D3

calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

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o Thermic Effect of Food

o Increase in metabolic rate after a meal

10%: Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

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Erythrocyte transaminase assay is a test for what?

Vitamin B6

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Demineralized bones in adults

Osteomalacia

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Major source of enerygy during a 100-meter sprint

creatine phosphate (first 4–5 sec) and then anaerobic glycolysis, using muscle glycogen as the source of glucose

Type II (glycolytic) fibers are used predominantly

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ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID

Coenzyme A

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Beriberi

VITAMIN B1: THIAMINE DEFICIENCY

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o Partially denatured derivative of ferritin

o Predominates when tissue stores are high

Hemosiderin

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MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES

o Hunter syndrome

o Hurler syndrome

o Morquio syndrome

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Leukotrienes are products of the enzyme _____

lipoxygenase

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principal components of cartilage, found in sites of calcification, most abundant GAG

Chondroitin sulfate

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Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis, potent constrictors of bronchial airway musculature (role in pathology of asthma)

• Leukotrienes C 4 , D 4 , and E 4

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keeps ductus arteriosus open, used for erectile dysfunction

Prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 , alprostadil)

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inhibits thrombosis, stimulates vasodilation; produces by endothelia cells

Prostacyclin

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Unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units, alternating acidic sugar-amino sugar.

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs)

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

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energy content of Carbohydrates, proteins, ketones

4 kcal/gram

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What increases in alcohol metabolism?

NADH

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Majority of energy is used for?

Resting (Basal) Metabolic Rate

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first sign of vitamin A deficiency

loss of sensitivity to green light

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Microsomal ethanol oxidation system requirement for Alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism

CYP2E1

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Examples of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS / PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES

Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylinositol
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Cardiolipin

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results in vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle, stimulates uterine contractions

Prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) - dinoprost, carboprost

o Energy expenditure at rest but not asleep o Measured at 12 hours after the last meal o Depends on weight, age and gender

60%: Resting (Basal) Metabolic Rate

Iron transport protein in plasma

Transferrin

o Alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism induced in chronic alcoholics o Has a much higher Km for ethanol, utilized when ethanol concentrations are high

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system

Differentiate Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus

examples of GLYCOPROTEINS

* Mucins * Transferrin, cerruloplasmin * HGC, TSH * Immunoglobulins

Intestinal absorption of **copper** is intact, but its biliary excretion is blocked

Wilson Disease * Copper accumulation in liver and brain, with resulting liver damage, neurological deterioration, or both * **Kayser-Fleisher rings** * Unusually low levels of 3-methylhistidine in urine

o Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the requirements of **\>95%** of all individuals in a **life stage and gender group**

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

* Energy-rich molecules larger than that of the other dietary nutrients * Fats, carbohydrates and protein * May include ethanol in some diets

MACRONUTRIENTS

VITAMIN B7/H: BIOTIN is a coenzyme for what enzymes?

o Pyruvate carboxylase o Acetyl CoA carboxylase o Propionyl CoA carboxylase

• Possible Etiologies: o Corn-based diet **o Hartnup disease** **o Carcinoid syndrome** o Isoniazid use

VIT B3 DEFICIENCY \* In Hartnup disease, the body is unable to absorb tryptophan. In carcinoid syndrome, majority of the body’s tryptophan is converted to serotonin, leaving very little for niacin synthesis.

o Storage form of iron in liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, pancreas, myocardium, and other tissues o More abundant storage form when the tissue stores are low

Ferritin

Least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins

Vit E

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are products of the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_

cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2)

leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide

Vitamin A deficiency

• Seborrheic dermatitis **• Cheilosis** **• Angular stomatitis** • Desquamation and inflammation of the tongue

VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY

only significant sphingophospholipid in humans, constituent of myelin sheath, which insulates the axons of nerve fibers and increase nerve conduction

Sphingomyelin

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system occurs where?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Keshan Disease is associated with

SELENIUM deficiency \*low selenium content causing **cardiomyopathy**, endemic in parts of China

Give the enzyme. ## Footnote **Acetaldehyde → Acetate**

**Aldehyde dehydrogenase** Inhibitor: Disulfiram

Occurs in a few oxidase enzymes, including **xanthine oxidase**

MOLYBDNENUM

associated with Peripheral nerve damage (**Nutritional melalgia or “burning foot syndrome”)**

VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID DEFICIENCY

Most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide

Iron Deficiency Anemia

results in vasodilation and relaxation of smooth muscle, used to induce labor

Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) - DInoprostone

Average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, and height, whose weight and level of physical activity are consistent with good health

ESTIMATED ENERGY REQUIREMENT (EER) * Depends on level of activity * Sedentary 30 kcal/kg/day * **Moderately active 35 kcal/kg/day - commonly used** * Very active 40 kcal/kg/day

Most abundant trace mineral in the body after iron, with total body stores of about 1.5 to 2.5 g

ZINC

Examples of GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs) / MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

* Hyaluronic acid * Chondroitin sulfate * Keratan sulfate * Heparin * Heparan sulfate * Dermatan sulfate

Erythrocyte transketolase activity assay is a test for what vitamin?

Vitamin B1

SPHINGOLIPIDOSES \* Glycolipids are members of the class of sphingo- lipids

o Tay-Sachs disease o Niemann-Pick disease o Gaucher disease

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is associated with

ZINC deficiency ## Footnote o Rare recessively inherited disease with dermatitis, diarrhea, and alopecia due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption o Treated with high doses of oral zinc

Give the enzyme. ## Footnote **Ethanol → Acetaldehyde**

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Vit D. deficiency in Children

Rickets

Derived from 20-carbon fatty acid, **arachidonic acid** which is cleaved from cell membrane phospholipids by the enzyme **phospholipase A2**

**EICOSANOIDS** PROSTAGLANDINS THROMBOXANES EUKOTRIENES

(lecithin) most abundant glycerophospholipid, cell membraine outer leaflet, storage of choline component of acetylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine

To lose 1 pound/week, you need to burn and/or reduce caloric intake by about \_\_\_\_\_

500 kcal/day

Thiamine is a Coenzyme for what enzymes?

o Pyruvate dehydrogenase o α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase o Branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase o Transketolases

What does Microsomal ethanol oxidation system consume to form acetaldehyde?

NADPH | (also requires CYP2E1)

BMI classification

Phospholipid with sphingosine backbone

SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS

* Nutrients needed in lesser amounts * Vitamins and minerals

MICRONUTRIENTS

Phospholipid in which an alcohol (“X”) is attached by a phosphodiester bridge to diacylglycerol.

**GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS** PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES

energy contant of alcohol

7 kcal/gram

Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGlu) excretion test is for what vitamin?

Folate

Proteins to which oligosaccharides (short chains of carbohydrates) are attached.

**GLYCOPROTEINS** MUCOPROTEINS

Derivatives of ceramide in which a long-chain fatty acid is attached to a sphingosine backbone.

**GLYCOLIPIDS** GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

Pellagra

VITAMIN B3: NIACIN DEFICIENCY Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia

VITAMIN B12: COBALAMIN is a coenzyme for what enzymes?

o Methionine synthase o Methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Pseudotumor cerebri is associated with?

Vitamin A Toxicity \* patients present with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

discuss the metabolism of ALCOHOL

energy contetnt of FATS

9 kcal/gram

Iron overload syndrome with progressive hemosiderosis and resulting organ damage

Hemochromatosis \* ↑ Total plasma iron, ↑ Transferrin saturation, ↑ Serum ferritin, ↓Total iron binding capacity

excess can cause psychosis & parkinsonism

Manganese Madness

Only water-soluble vitamin with significant toxicity

Vit B6 Toxicity

major source of energy in marathon

**aerobic metabolism,** using blood glucose and free fatty acids, derived from breakdown of triacylglycerol from adipose tissue **Type I** (oxidative) fibers are used predominantly

o Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Schilling test and Methylmalonic acid test are tests for what vitamin?

Vitamin B12

Highest average nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

o X-linked recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of an ATP dependent membrane transporter for **copper** o Impaired transfer of **copper** from intestinal mucosal cells to the blood, and intracellular transport is abnormal as well

Menkes disease \*Growth retardation, mental deficiency, seizures, aneurysms, bone demineralization, brittle hair

VItamin D and Vitamin B3 requires what other vitamin?

vitamin B6