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#‼️BIOCHEMISTRY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 > NUTRITION AND COMPLEX MOLECULES > Flashcards

NUTRITION AND COMPLEX MOLECULES Flashcards

1
Q

The oligosaccharides are usually attached to amino acids ____ (O-linked, synthesized in gOlgi bodies), or _______ (N-linked, synthesized in eNdoplasmic reticulum)

A

serine

asparagine

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2
Q

promotes thrombosis (platelet adhesion and aggregation) and vasoconstriction; produced by platelets

A

Thromboxane

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3
Q

VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE is a coenzyme for what reactions?

A

o Transamination of amino acids

o Decarboxylation of glutamate and histidine

o ALA synthase

o Cystathionine synthase

o Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

o Glycogen phosphorylase

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4
Q

active form of Vit D3

A

calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

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5
Q

o Thermic Effect of Food

o Increase in metabolic rate after a meal

A

10%: Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

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6
Q

Erythrocyte transaminase assay is a test for what?

A

Vitamin B6

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7
Q

Demineralized bones in adults

A

Osteomalacia

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8
Q

Major source of enerygy during a 100-meter sprint

A

creatine phosphate (first 4–5 sec) and then anaerobic glycolysis, using muscle glycogen as the source of glucose

Type II (glycolytic) fibers are used predominantly

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9
Q

ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID

A

Coenzyme A

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10
Q

Beriberi

A

VITAMIN B1: THIAMINE DEFICIENCY

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11
Q

o Partially denatured derivative of ferritin

o Predominates when tissue stores are high

A

Hemosiderin

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12
Q

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES

A

o Hunter syndrome

o Hurler syndrome

o Morquio syndrome

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13
Q

Leukotrienes are products of the enzyme _____

A

lipoxygenase

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14
Q

principal components of cartilage, found in sites of calcification, most abundant GAG

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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15
Q

Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis, potent constrictors of bronchial airway musculature (role in pathology of asthma)

A

• Leukotrienes C 4 , D 4 , and E 4

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16
Q

keeps ductus arteriosus open, used for erectile dysfunction

A

Prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 , alprostadil)

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17
Q

inhibits thrombosis, stimulates vasodilation; produces by endothelia cells

A

Prostacyclin

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18
Q

Unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units, alternating acidic sugar-amino sugar.

A

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs)

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

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19
Q

energy content of Carbohydrates, proteins, ketones

A

4 kcal/gram

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20
Q

What increases in alcohol metabolism?

A

NADH

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21
Q

Majority of energy is used for?

A

Resting (Basal) Metabolic Rate

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22
Q

first sign of vitamin A deficiency

A

loss of sensitivity to green light

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23
Q

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system requirement for Alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism

A

CYP2E1

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24
Q

Examples of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS / PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES

A
  • Phosphatidylcholine
  • Phosphatidylethanolamine
  • Phosphatidylserine
  • Phosphatidylinositol
  • Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
  • Cardiolipin
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25
Q

results in vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle, stimulates uterine contractions

A

Prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) - dinoprost, carboprost

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26
Q

o Energy expenditure at rest but not asleep

o Measured at 12 hours after the last meal

o Depends on weight, age and gender

A

60%: Resting (Basal) Metabolic Rate

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27
Q

Iron transport protein in plasma

A

Transferrin

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28
Q

o Alternate pathway for ethanol metabolism induced in chronic alcoholics

o Has a much higher Km for ethanol, utilized when ethanol concentrations are high

A

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system

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29
Q

Differentiate Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus

A
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30
Q

examples of GLYCOPROTEINS

A
  • Mucins
  • Transferrin, cerruloplasmin
  • HGC, TSH
  • Immunoglobulins
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31
Q

Intestinal absorption of copper is intact, but its biliary excretion is blocked

A

Wilson Disease

  • Copper accumulation in liver and brain, with resulting liver damage, neurological deterioration, or both
  • Kayser-Fleisher rings
  • Unusually low levels of 3-methylhistidine in urine
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32
Q

o Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the requirements of >95% of all individuals in a life stage and gender group

A

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

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33
Q
  • Energy-rich molecules larger than that of the other dietary nutrients
  • Fats, carbohydrates and protein
  • May include ethanol in some diets
A

MACRONUTRIENTS

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34
Q

VITAMIN B7/H: BIOTIN is a coenzyme for what enzymes?

A

o Pyruvate carboxylase

o Acetyl CoA carboxylase

o Propionyl CoA carboxylase

35
Q

• Possible Etiologies:

o Corn-based diet

o Hartnup disease

o Carcinoid syndrome

o Isoniazid use

A

VIT B3 DEFICIENCY

* In Hartnup disease, the body is unable to absorb tryptophan. In carcinoid syndrome, majority of the body’s tryptophan is converted to serotonin, leaving very little for niacin synthesis.

36
Q

o Storage form of iron in liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, pancreas, myocardium, and other tissues o More abundant storage form when the tissue stores are low

A

Ferritin

37
Q

Least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vit E

38
Q

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are products of the enzyme ______

A

cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2)

39
Q

leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide

A

Vitamin A deficiency

40
Q

• Seborrheic dermatitis

• Cheilosis

• Angular stomatitis

• Desquamation and inflammation of the tongue

A

VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY

41
Q

only significant sphingophospholipid in humans, constituent of myelin sheath, which insulates the axons of nerve fibers and increase nerve conduction

A

Sphingomyelin

42
Q

Microsomal ethanol oxidation system occurs where?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

Keshan Disease is associated with

A

SELENIUM deficiency

*low selenium content causing cardiomyopathy, endemic in parts of China

44
Q

Give the enzyme.

Acetaldehyde → Acetate

A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Inhibitor: Disulfiram

45
Q

Occurs in a few oxidase enzymes, including xanthine oxidase

A

MOLYBDNENUM

46
Q

associated with Peripheral nerve damage (Nutritional melalgia or “burning foot syndrome”)

A

VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID DEFICIENCY

47
Q

Most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

48
Q

results in vasodilation and relaxation of smooth muscle, used to induce labor

A

Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) - DInoprostone

49
Q

Average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, and height, whose weight and level of physical activity are consistent with good health

A

ESTIMATED ENERGY REQUIREMENT (EER)

  • Depends on level of activity
    • Sedentary 30 kcal/kg/day
    • Moderately active 35 kcal/kg/day - commonly used
    • Very active 40 kcal/kg/day
50
Q

Most abundant trace mineral in the body after iron, with total body stores of about 1.5 to 2.5 g

A

ZINC

51
Q

Examples of GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs) / MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

A
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Keratan sulfate
  • Heparin
  • Heparan sulfate
  • Dermatan sulfate
52
Q

Erythrocyte transketolase activity assay is a test for what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B1

53
Q

SPHINGOLIPIDOSES

* Glycolipids are members of the class of sphingo- lipids

A

o Tay-Sachs disease

o Niemann-Pick disease

o Gaucher disease

54
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is associated with

A

ZINC deficiency

o Rare recessively inherited disease with dermatitis, diarrhea, and alopecia due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption

o Treated with high doses of oral zinc

55
Q

Give the enzyme.

Ethanol → Acetaldehyde

A

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

56
Q

Vit D. deficiency in Children

A

Rickets

57
Q

Derived from 20-carbon fatty acid, arachidonic acid which is cleaved from cell membrane phospholipids by the enzyme phospholipase A2

A

EICOSANOIDS

PROSTAGLANDINS

THROMBOXANES

EUKOTRIENES

58
Q

(lecithin) most abundant glycerophospholipid, cell membraine outer leaflet, storage of choline component of acetylcholine

A

Phosphatidylcholine

59
Q

To lose 1 pound/week, you need to burn and/or reduce caloric intake by about _____

A

500 kcal/day

60
Q

Thiamine is a Coenzyme for what enzymes?

A

o Pyruvate dehydrogenase

o α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

o Branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase

o Transketolases

61
Q

What does Microsomal ethanol oxidation system consume to form acetaldehyde?

A

NADPH

(also requires CYP2E1)

62
Q

BMI classification

A
63
Q

Phospholipid with sphingosine backbone

A

SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS

64
Q
  • Nutrients needed in lesser amounts
  • Vitamins and minerals
A

MICRONUTRIENTS

65
Q

Phospholipid in which an alcohol (“X”) is attached by a phosphodiester bridge to diacylglycerol.

A

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS

PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES

66
Q

energy contant of alcohol

A

7 kcal/gram

67
Q

Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGlu) excretion test is for what vitamin?

A

Folate

68
Q

Proteins to which oligosaccharides (short chains of carbohydrates) are attached.

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

MUCOPROTEINS

69
Q

Derivatives of ceramide in which a long-chain fatty acid is attached to a sphingosine backbone.

A

GLYCOLIPIDS

GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

70
Q

Pellagra

A

VITAMIN B3: NIACIN DEFICIENCY

Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia

71
Q

VITAMIN B12: COBALAMIN is a coenzyme for what enzymes?

A

o Methionine synthase

o Methylmalonyl CoA mutase

72
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri is associated with?

A

Vitamin A Toxicity

* patients present with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

73
Q

discuss the metabolism of ALCOHOL

A
74
Q

energy contetnt of FATS

A

9 kcal/gram

75
Q

Iron overload syndrome with progressive hemosiderosis and resulting organ damage

A

Hemochromatosis

* ↑ Total plasma iron, ↑ Transferrin saturation, ↑ Serum ferritin, ↓Total iron binding capacity

76
Q

excess can cause psychosis & parkinsonism

A

Manganese Madness

77
Q

Only water-soluble vitamin with significant toxicity

A

Vit B6 Toxicity

78
Q

major source of energy in marathon

A

aerobic metabolism, using blood glucose and free fatty acids, derived from breakdown of triacylglycerol from adipose tissue

Type I (oxidative) fibers are used predominantly

79
Q

o Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

80
Q

Schilling test and Methylmalonic acid test are tests for what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B12

81
Q
A
82
Q

Highest average nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

83
Q

o X-linked recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of an ATP dependent membrane transporter for copper

o Impaired transfer of copper from intestinal mucosal cells to the blood, and intracellular transport is abnormal as well

A

Menkes disease

*Growth retardation, mental deficiency, seizures, aneurysms, bone demineralization, brittle hair

84
Q

VItamin D and Vitamin B3 requires what other vitamin?

A

vitamin B6

#‼️BIOCHEMISTRY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 (13 decks)

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