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MCM BCHE > Nutrition And Biomolecules (DSA) > Flashcards

Nutrition And Biomolecules (DSA) Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 sources of energy in our diet come in the form of carbs, proteins, and fats. Describe the energy content of each.

A

Carbs = 4 Calories/gram

Protein = 4 Calories/gram

Fats = 9 Calories/gram

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2
Q

What enzyme begins the digestion process in the mouth, and what fatty acids does it act on?

A

Lingual lipase - digests short and medium chain fatty acids

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3
Q

What digestive enzyme exists in the stomach and what types of fatty acids does it act on?

A

Gastric lipase - digests short and medium chain fatty acids

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4
Q

What digestive enzymes exist in the pancreas and digest TAGs?

A

Pancreatic lipase with colipase

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5
Q

What digestive enzyme exists in the pancreas and digests phospholipids?

A

Phospholipase

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6
Q

What digestive enzyme exists in the pancreas and digests cholesterol esters?

A

Cholesterol esterase

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7
Q

What are the 3 primary electrolytes required in the diet?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

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8
Q

What are the 5 primary minerals required in the diet?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Iron
Sulfur
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9
Q

What are the 4 trace minerals required in the diet?

A

Iodine
Selenium
Copper
Zinc

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10
Q

What are the 4 ultratrace minerals required in the diet?

A

Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Molybdenum

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11
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Thiamine pyrophosphate

A

Thiamine (B1)

Transfers 2-carbon groups

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12
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Pyridoxal phosphate

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

Transfers amino and carbonyl groups

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13
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Methylcobalamin

A

Vitamin B12

Transfers acyl groups

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14
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Coenzyme A

A

Pantothenic acid (B5)

Transfers acetyl groups

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15
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Menaquinone

A

Vitamin K

Transfers carbonyl group and electrons

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16
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Flavin Mononucleotide

A

Riboflavin (B2)

Transfers electrons

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17
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

NAD+ and NADP+

A

Niacin (B3)

Transfers electrons

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18
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Lipoamide

A

Lipoic acid

Transfers electrons and acyl groups

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19
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Biotin

A

Biotin

Transfers CO2

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20
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Tetrahydrofolic acid

A

Folic acid (B9)

Transfers methyl and formyl groups

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21
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin C

Transfers electrons

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22
Q

Name the vitamin and chemical groups transferred for the following cofactor:

Coenzyme F420

A

Riboflavin (B2)

Transfers electrons

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23
Q

What vitamin deficiency is likely to lead to the following conditions and/or symptoms:

Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, dermatitis

A

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

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24
Q

What vitamin deficiency is likely to lead to the following conditions and/or symptoms:

Megaloblastic anemia, mental status changes, glossitis, pallor

A

Folate

25
Q

What vitamin deficiency is likely to lead to the following conditions and/or symptoms:

Fatigue, depression, nausea, dermatitis, muscle pain

A

Biotin

[note that raw egg contains avidin, which binds biotin - rendering it unabsorbable]

26
Q

What vitamin deficiency is likely to lead to the following conditions and/or symptoms:

Fatigue, sleep disturbance, impaired coordination

A

B5 (pantothenic acid)

[note that deficiency is rare]

27
Q

What vitamin deficiency is likely to lead to the following conditions and/or symptoms:

Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders, pallor

A

B12 (cobalamin)

28
Q

What vitamin deficiency is likely to lead to the following conditions and/or symptoms:

Nasolateral seborrhea, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy

A

B6 (pyridoxine)

29
Q

What are the 4 primary lipid-soluble vitamins?

A

Retinol/retinoic acid (A)
Calcitriol (D)
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

[mnemonic = ADEK]

30
Q

Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?

A. Vitamin E
B. Vitamin B
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin K

A

B. Vitamin B

[Note that most vitamins, other than ADEK, are water-soluble]

31
Q

What is the coenzyme form of Thiamine (B1)

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

32
Q

What 4 metabolic enzymes Thiamine (B1) involved in as a coenzyme?

A

PDH
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
Transketolase

33
Q

What disease may lead to a deficiency in thiamine (B1), due to its interference with B1 absorption?

A

Alcoholism

34
Q

What are the 4 potential clinical manifestations of thiamine (B1) deficiency?

A

Wernicke’s (ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia)

Korsakoff’s (psychosis, confabulation)

Dry beriberi (muscle wasting, partial paralysis)

Wet beriberi (cardiac failure, peripheral edema)

35
Q

What are the 4 primary sources of dietary carbohydrates?

A

Starch
Sucrose
Dietary fiber
Lactose

36
Q

A starch is a nutritional reservoir of carbs in plants, describe its general structure

A

Polysaccharide of glucose

37
Q

Sucrose is found in fruits and veggies, describe its general structure

A

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose

38
Q

Lactose is a major dietary carb of animal origin, describe its general structure

A

Disaccharide of glucose and galactose

39
Q

Lactose intolerance refers to the body’s inability to easily digest lactose due to a genetic deficiency of _________, with an age dependent decrease in production of the enzyme. This results in what clinical symptoms?

A

Lactase

Results in gas, belly pain, and bloating within 2 hours of consuming lactose

40
Q

What is the difference in the fate of lactose in someone that is lactose tolerant vs. lactose intolerant?

A

Lactose tolerant individuals have lactase which breaks down the lactose into its monosaccharides Glucose and Galactose in the small intestine

Lactose intolerant individuals lack lactase, so bacterial fermentation takes place when lactose reaches the large intestine, producing gas and acids, leading to flatulence and abdominal pain

41
Q

Name 4 monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose

42
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

43
Q

What type of carbohydrate is a glycolipid or glycoprotein?

A

Oligosaccharides

44
Q

What type of carbohydrate is glycogen, starch, or cellulose?

A

Polysaccharide

45
Q

What are the 5 metabolically relevant modified monosaccharides?

A 
Deoxyaldose (DNA)
Acetylated amino sugars
Acidic sugars
Sugar esters
Sugar alcohols
46
Q

What is the clinical significance of sugar alcohols like mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol?

A

They have fewer calories per gram, but are not as readily absorbed, so insulin sensitivity is reduced over time leading to the potential for uncontrolled diabetes complicated by cataracts and peripheral neuropathy

47
Q

What type of bond forms between monosaccharides like glucose and fructose to form a disaccharide? (In this case sucrose)

A

Glycosidic bond

48
Q

What is the difference between in amylose starch and an amylopectin starch?

A

They differ in their linkage

Amylose starch has an alpha (1-4) linkage

Amylopectin starch has an alpha (1-4) and an alpha (1-6)

49
Q

What are the 3 essential fatty acids and why are they essential?

A

Omega 3: Linolenic acid

Omega 6: Linoleic acid and Arachidonic acid

[omega indicates location of double bond]

They are essential bc they must be obtained from the diet; our bodies cannot form double bonds in those locations

50
Q

What are the pathological consequences of deficiencies in your lipid soluble vitamins?

A

A - xerophthalmia (night blindness)

D - rickets

E - muscular dystrophy, neurologic

K - defective coagulation, anemia

51
Q

_________ are synthesized from acetyl coA via intermediate IPP. Condensation of IPP results in ________, vitamins, and coenzyme Q

A

Isoprenoids

Steroids

52
Q

What is the most important steroid due to being a component of cell membranes, precursor in reactions, and component of bile?

A

Cholesterol

53
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor to which of the following?

A. Fat-soluble vitamin D
B. Water-soluble vitamin D
C. Fat-soluble vitamin B
D. Water-soluble vitamin B

A

A. Fat-soluble vitamin D

54
Q

Which amino acids are essential?

A

WH MILK FVT (sometimes R)

[mnemonic WHole MILK not my FaVoRiTe]

55
Q

Which amino acids are polar and uncharged?

A

NCQSTY

56
Q

Which amino acids are polar and negatively charged?

A 
Aspartic acid (D)
Glutamic acid (E)
57
Q

Which amino acids are polar and positively charged?

A

Arg (R)
His (H)
Lys (K)

58
Q

Which of the amino acids are nonpolar?

A 
Alanine (A)
Glycine (G)
Isoleucine (I)
Leucine (L)
Methionine (M)
Phenylalanine (F)
Proline (P)
Tryptophan (W)
Valine (V)
59
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of proteins in the body?

A

Fuel: amino acids generate ATP in TCA

Structural: key components in connective tissue

Activity: enzymes, cell signaling, transport

MCM BCHE (13 decks)

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