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Metabolism > nutrition > Flashcards

nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

examples of macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, fat, protein

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2
Q

examples of micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

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3
Q

daily macronutrient intake

A

carbohydrates- 300g

fat- 100g

protein- 100g

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4
Q

two types of carbohydrates

A

non-glycaemic- fibre

glycaemic- sugars and starch

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5
Q

glycemic index definition

A

ranking carbohydrate based on the rate at which they raise blood glucose levels

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6
Q

high GI values explained + examples

A

foods that breakdown quickly and raise blood glucose quickly

sugar rich drinks

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7
Q

low GI explained + examples

A

foods that break down more slowly and raise blood glucose slowly

beans, grainy breads, basmati rice, porridge, nuts, sweet potato, vegetables

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8
Q

3 different types of dietary fat + function

A

saturated- raise cholesterol

monounsaturated- may lower cholesterol

polyunsaturated- strongly lowers serum cholesterol

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9
Q

what is saturated fat usually associated with?

A

insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation

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10
Q

what is unsaturated fat normally associated with?

A

increased sensitivity to insulin

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11
Q

vitamin definition

A

group of organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition, required in small quantities

cannot be synthesised by the body

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12
Q

what function do vitamins often have?

A

precursor of enzyme co factors and anti oxidants

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13
Q

important vitamin B groups + names

A

B1- thiamine

B2- Riboflavin

B3- niacin

B6- pyridoxine

B9- folic acid

B12- cobalamin

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14
Q

Thiamine function

A

precursor for thiamine pyrophosphate

thiamine pyrophosphate is used as a co factor in alpha keto acid and pyruvate dehydrogenase

pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA, important in TCA

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15
Q

thiamine deficiency consequence

A

Beri Beri

inhibits TCA cycle, leading to decreased production gf glutamic acid and GABA

leads to malaise, heaviness and weakness of legs

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16
Q

Riboflavin function

A

precursor of FAD and FMN

cofactors for cytochrome P450 monoamine oxidase, glutathione reductase, xanthine oxidase and the electron transport respiratory chain

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17
Q

riboflavin deficiency consequence

A

atrophy of papillae of tongue, interferes with metabolism of other nutrients

not that severe

18
Q

niacin function

A

precursor of nicotinamide

primary constituent of NAD+ and NADP+

important in dehydrogenase reactions, catabolic reactions, glycolysis, fatty acid synethesis

19
Q

niacin deficiency consequence

A

pellagra- dermatitis

inflamed skin, diarrhoea, delirium

20
Q

pyroxidine function

A

component of pyridoxal phosphate, co enzyme important in the metabolism of amino acids or other nitrogen containing compounds- transaminase reactions

synthesis of neurotransmitters and haeme

21
Q

pyroxidine deficiency consequence

A

seizures, anemia

less conversion of tryptophan to niacin, less NAD

22
Q

folic acid function

A

one carbon transfer in purine and pyrimidine synthesis

proper embryological development

23
Q

folic acic deficiency consequences

A

spina bifida, anemia

neural tube defects

24
Q

what is cobalamin converted into?

A

methylcobalamin and adenosyl cobalamin

25
Q

methylcobalamin function

A

cofactor for cytosolic methane synthase

26
Q

adenosylcobalamin function

A

oxidation of odd chain fatty acids before beta oxidation

27
Q

cobalamin function

A

absorbed by trans cobalamin

leads to a change in pH in gut

activates intrinsic factor which can be absorbed by the bowel

28
Q

cobalamin deficiency consequence

A

high levels of odd chain fatty acids

pernicious anemia

29
Q

trace metal definition

A

interact with each other, altering oxidation states

30
Q

three important trace metals

A

zinc, copper and iron

31
Q

what form is zinc found in

A

2+

often found bound to albumin in the blood

32
Q

zinc function

A

DNA replication, reproductive organ growth

33
Q

what form is copper found in?

A

bound to caeruloplasmin

34
Q

copper function

A

cytochrome oxidase- cupper sulphate clusters- electron transport chain

35
Q

iron function

A

haemoglobin

cytochromes

36
Q

where is iron found in the body?

A

haemoglobin

ferritin- intracellular stores

transported in blood via transferrin

insoluble aggregates haemosiderin

37
Q

approximate dietary iron intake for men and women

A

men- 16-18mg per day

women- 12mg per day

38
Q

what percentage of iron is stored in haemoglobin?

A

65%

39
Q

key hormone in regulation of iron balance

A

hepcidin

40
Q

when is hepcidin released?

A

infection, inflammation and elevated iron intake

41
Q

hepcidin function

A

binds to transferin receptor

decreases transcription of mRNA

decreases iron

Metabolism (13 decks)

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