nutrition

Question 1

examples of macronutrients

Answer 1

carbohydrates, fat, protein

Question 2

examples of micronutrients

Answer 2

vitamins and minerals

Question 3

daily macronutrient intake

Answer 3

carbohydrates- 300g

fat- 100g

protein- 100g

Question 4

two types of carbohydrates

Answer 4

non-glycaemic- fibre

glycaemic- sugars and starch

Question 5

glycemic index definition

Answer 5

ranking carbohydrate based on the rate at which they raise blood glucose levels

Question 6

high GI values explained + examples

Answer 6

foods that breakdown quickly and raise blood glucose quickly

sugar rich drinks

Question 7

low GI explained + examples

Answer 7

foods that break down more slowly and raise blood glucose slowly

beans, grainy breads, basmati rice, porridge, nuts, sweet potato, vegetables

Question 8

3 different types of dietary fat + function

Answer 8

saturated- raise cholesterol

monounsaturated- may lower cholesterol

polyunsaturated- strongly lowers serum cholesterol

Question 9

what is saturated fat usually associated with?

Answer 9

insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation

Question 10

what is unsaturated fat normally associated with?

Answer 10

increased sensitivity to insulin

Question 11

vitamin definition

Answer 11

group of organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition, required in small quantities

cannot be synthesised by the body

Question 12

what function do vitamins often have?

Answer 12

precursor of enzyme co factors and anti oxidants

Question 13

important vitamin B groups + names

Answer 13

B1- thiamine

B2- Riboflavin

B3- niacin

B6- pyridoxine

B9- folic acid

B12- cobalamin

Question 14

Thiamine function

Answer 14

precursor for thiamine pyrophosphate

thiamine pyrophosphate is used as a co factor in alpha keto acid and pyruvate dehydrogenase

pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA, important in TCA

Question 15

thiamine deficiency consequence

Answer 15

Beri Beri

inhibits TCA cycle, leading to decreased production gf glutamic acid and GABA

leads to malaise, heaviness and weakness of legs

Question 16

Riboflavin function

Answer 16

precursor of FAD and FMN

cofactors for cytochrome P450 monoamine oxidase, glutathione reductase, xanthine oxidase and the electron transport respiratory chain

Question 17

riboflavin deficiency consequence

Answer 17

atrophy of papillae of tongue, interferes with metabolism of other nutrients

not that severe

Question 18

niacin function

Answer 18

precursor of nicotinamide

primary constituent of NAD+ and NADP+

important in dehydrogenase reactions, catabolic reactions, glycolysis, fatty acid synethesis

Question 19

niacin deficiency consequence

Answer 19

pellagra- dermatitis

inflamed skin, diarrhoea, delirium

Question 20

pyroxidine function

Answer 20

component of pyridoxal phosphate, co enzyme important in the metabolism of amino acids or other nitrogen containing compounds- transaminase reactions

synthesis of neurotransmitters and haeme

Question 21

pyroxidine deficiency consequence

Answer 21

seizures, anemia

less conversion of tryptophan to niacin, less NAD

Question 22

folic acid function

Answer 22

one carbon transfer in purine and pyrimidine synthesis

proper embryological development

Question 23

folic acic deficiency consequences

Answer 23

spina bifida, anemia

neural tube defects

Question 24

what is cobalamin converted into?

Answer 24

methylcobalamin and adenosyl cobalamin

Question 25

methylcobalamin function

Answer 25

cofactor for cytosolic methane synthase

Question 26

adenosylcobalamin function

Answer 26

oxidation of odd chain fatty acids before beta oxidation

Question 27

cobalamin function

Answer 27

absorbed by trans cobalamin leads to a change in pH in gut activates intrinsic factor which can be absorbed by the bowel

Question 28

cobalamin deficiency consequence

Answer 28

high levels of odd chain fatty acids pernicious anemia

Question 29

trace metal definition

Answer 29

interact with each other, altering oxidation states

Question 30

three important trace metals

Answer 30

zinc, copper and iron

Question 31

what form is zinc found in

Answer 31

2+ often found bound to albumin in the blood

Question 32

zinc function

Answer 32

DNA replication, reproductive organ growth

Question 33

what form is copper found in?

Answer 33

bound to caeruloplasmin

Question 34

copper function

Answer 34

cytochrome oxidase- cupper sulphate clusters- electron transport chain

Question 35

iron function

Answer 35

haemoglobin cytochromes

Question 36

where is iron found in the body?

Answer 36

haemoglobin ferritin- intracellular stores transported in blood via transferrin insoluble aggregates haemosiderin

Question 37

approximate dietary iron intake for men and women

Answer 37

men- 16-18mg per day women- 12mg per day

Question 38

what percentage of iron is stored in haemoglobin?

Answer 38

65%

Question 39

key hormone in regulation of iron balance

Answer 39

hepcidin

Question 40

when is hepcidin released?

Answer 40

infection, inflammation and elevated iron intake

Question 41

hepcidin function

Answer 41

binds to transferin receptor decreases transcription of mRNA decreases iron