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SFM DSA’s 7/27-7/31 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Macros

  • fat:
  • CHO:
  • protein:
  • N-6 PUFA (linoleic acid)
  • N-3 PUFA (α-linoleic acid)
A
  • 20-35%
  • 45-65%
  • 10-35%
  • 5-10%
  • 0.6-1.2%
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2
Q
  • average daily nutrient level that if consumed by every member of the population, will keep 98% of individuals in a particular life stage and gender in good health
A

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

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3
Q
  • average daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirement of 50% healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender
A

estimated average requirement (EAR)

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4
Q
  • recommended average daily nutrient intake level assumed to be adequate based on estimates where an RDA cannot be determined
A

adequate intake (AI)

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5
Q
  • highest daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health affects to almost everyone
A

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

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6
Q
  • major form of dietary sugar in the body, only sugar found to a significant extent as free sugar in the body (other forms are consumed in diet)
  • stored in liver and muscle as glycogen
A

glucose

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7
Q
  • stored for energy, body’s major fuel source
  • important components of cellular membranes as glycolipids and glycoproteins, tissues and genetic material
  • deoxysugars, aminosugars, and sugar acids are found in oligomeric or polymeric structures (I.e. ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), or are attached to proteins or lipids to form glycoconjugates or glycoproteins or glycolipids
A

carbohydrates

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8
Q
  • plant polysaccharides: cellulose, gums, hemicellulose, and pectin
  • not completely digested (if at all) by humans, does not contribute to caloric intake
  • soluble and insoluble
  • slows gastric emptying, reduces glycemic index/load, makes food bulky/satiety, influences absorption and motility along GI tract
  • 20-35 g/day recommended
A

fiber

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9
Q
  • representative of the rise in blood sugar following consumption of an individual food
  • standard for comparison is white bread or sucrose
A

glycemic index

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10
Q

Basic Path of Digestion

  • mouth: salivary glands produce and secrete saliva containing ______ and salivary ______ to start digestion of _____ and ______.
  • stomach: acid environment activates _____ to digest ______; there is release of gastric ______ to hydrolyze short and medium chain _____ ______ and help with _________ digestion. ________ cells that release ____ also release _______ factor to facilitate absorption of vitamin ___.
  • small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum): duodenum: receives pancreatic ________ to neutralize stomach acid and facilitate the correct environment for ______ to work to hydrolyze _______. Also releases along ______ ______ disaccharides to digest __________ further to monosaccharides for absorption. Major site of absorption for ____, _______, ______, as well as many vitamins and minerals. Ileum: site of ____ acids/____ and vitamin ___ absorption.
  • large intestine: site where most remaining _____ is absorbed, solidifying stool
  • rectum
  • anus
A
  • mouth: α-amylase, lipases, carbs, lipids
  • stomach: pepsin, proteins; lipases, fatty acids, triglyceride. Parietal, HCL, intrinsic, B12
  • small intestine: duodenum: bicarbonate, trypsin, proteins, brush border, carbohydrates, carbs, proteins, lipids
  • small intestine: ileum: bile, salts, B12
  • large intestine: water
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11
Q

Other Organs Associated with Digestion

  • pancreas: ______ gland secrets enzymes and _______ into the duodenum
  • liver and gallbladder: liver synthesizes and conjugates ____ _____ that are transported for storage in the gallbladder. Upon consumption of food, especially ____, the gallbladder contracts and release ____ into the duodenum to emulsify ____ for absorption
  • kidney: filter _____ so nutrients, minerals, and water are reabsorbed into blood stream while metabolic wastes are excreted in urine
A
  • pancreas: exocrine, bicarbonate
  • liver and gallbladder: bile acids, fats, bile, fats
  • kidney: blood
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12
Q
  • long term energy
  • make cell membranes
  • generate lipid-soluble molecules (steroid hormones, bile acids, eicosanoids)
  • some enzymes require these for activity
A

purpose of lipids

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13
Q

What are the 3 main types of lipids?

A
  1. fatty acids (plasma): saturated or unsaturated
  2. triglycerides (storage form, adipose)
  3. phospholipids (cell membranes): glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin
    * lesser forms: cholesterol, sphingolipids, polyisoprenoids, eicosanoids
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14
Q
  • type of lipid

- made by intestinal cells

A

chylomicrons

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15
Q
  • type of lipid
  • synthesized in the liver
  • IDL’s and LDL’s are formed from these due to metabolism in circulation
  • HDL’s also assembled in circulation
A

VLDL’s

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16
Q
  • essential fatty acids that must be obtained from diet
  • modified to make eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, lipoxins, lipid rafts, act on DNA
  • DHA and EPA made from ALA
  • supplemented during pregnancy
A

linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid (ALA)

17
Q

Lipid Digestion

  • lingual and gastric _____ digest ____ and ______ chain fatty acids
  • _____ chain fatty acids diffuse through stomach
  • _______ lipases are released into small intestine for further breakdown
  • ________ with ____ salts/acids from _____
  • ______ are absorbed into enterocytes
  • ____ salts recycled via absorption in ____ (entero-hepatic circulation)
A
  • lipases, short, medium
  • short
  • pancreatic
  • emulsification, bile, liver
  • micelles
  • bile, ileum
18
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A
  • phenylalanine
  • valine
  • tryptophan
  • threonine
  • isoleucine
  • methionine
  • histidine
  • arginine
  • leucine
  • lysine
19
Q

Protein Digestion

  • acidic pH of stomach denatures proteins so they can be reacted on by ____, which is only active at low pH
  • after passage to the duodenum, pancreatic _______ (including _____) further cleave _______ down to amino acids that are absorbed across the enterocytes
A
  • pepsin

- peptidases, trypsin, peptides

20
Q
  • autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage of bowel mucosa
  • steatorrhea can be observed
  • distal ileum is most frequently involved site, manifests as segments of diseased bowel by sequences of normal bowel
  • sx: nutritional deficiencies, abd pain, diarrhea, flatulence, bloating, anal itching, skin lesions
  • tx: surgical resection, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, nutritional supplements
A

Crohn’s disease

21
Q
  • disrupts pancreatic function, which synthesizes enzymes of digestion, steatorrhea can be observed
  • CFTR: regulated Cl- channel on apical membrane of duct cells disrupts bicarbonate exchange
  • forms plugs of mucous that block pancreatic ducts and result in disruption of secretion of alkaline digestive enzymes into duodenum resulting in reduced digestion and absorption
  • pancreas itself can be damaged resulting in pancreatitis
A

cystic fibrosis

22
Q
  • autoimmune disorder with hereditary component
  • antibodies develop against gluten (gliadin)
  • malabsorption related to deficiencies in folate, iron, calcium, vitamins A, B12, and D
  • most common in Caucasian women
  • sx: abd pain, constipation, diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, vomiting, nausea, steatorrhea
  • tx: gluten free diet
A

celiac disease

23
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting total energy expenditure (TEE)?

A
  1. basal metabolic rate 65%
  2. thermic effect of food 10%
  3. physical activity 20%
  4. non-exercise induced thermogenesis 5%
24
Q
  • fat soluble vitamin
  • β-carotene precursor found in spinach, carrots, dark green leafy vegetables, yellow vegetables
  • derivative, retinol, found in liver, cod liver oil, dairy products, eggs
  • synthetic derivates are tretinoin and isotretinoin
  • all dietary forms are converted into retinol, which can be converted into retinal and retinoic acid
  • deficiencies: presents as night blindness because visual pigment, rhodopsin, is formed using retinal; corneal softening and opacity (keratomalacia); severe deficiency causes blindness (most common cause)
  • toxicity: increased intracranial pressure, headaches, double vision, dizziness, bone and joint pain, hair loss, dermatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, vomiting
A

vitamin A

25
Q
  • fat soluble vitamin
  • ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are found in liver, eggs, fish, plants, and fortified foods
  • cholecalciferol also produced in skin via exposure to sunlight
  • calcitriol, bioactive form, is derived from above 2 ^
  • deficiency: rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
  • causes of deficiency: reduced sunlight, poor diet, malabsorption, liver disease, renal failure, resistance due to mutation
A

vitamin D

26
Q

What is calcium absorption influenced by?

A
  1. dietary calcium intake
  2. intestinal availability
  3. vitamin D metabolism
27
Q
  • most commonly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy
  • measure PTH
  • secondary HPT occurs when vitamin D metabolism interrupted or intestinal disease
A

hypercalcemia

28
Q
  • clinical Chvostek’s sign (mouth twitching) and Trousseau’s sign (hand contraction)
  • sx: numbness, tingling, cramps, tetany, seizures
  • results from abnormal vitamins D metabolism or deficiency
A

hypocalcemia

29
Q
  • fat soluble vitamin
  • tocopherols
  • most abundant membrane antioxidant, protects cells from oxidative damage
  • involved in immune function, cell signaling, gene expression, cell adhesion, and arachidonic acid metabolism
  • found in vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables
A

vitamin E

30
Q
  • fat soluble vitamin
  • circulates at phylloquinone, stored in liver as menaquinone
  • found in green leafy vegetables, fruits, dairy products, vegetable oils, cereals; also produced by bacteria of intestines
  • required for coagulation, deficiency in newborn infants w/o gut flora, liver disease, or genetic disorders lead to bleeding disorders
  • Coumadin/warfarin inhibits cascade
A

vitamin K

31
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • active form is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
  • coenzyme in PDH complex, PPP, parietal cell production
  • deficiency: berberi caused by eating solely polished rice or alcoholics (Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis)
A

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

32
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • required for FMN/FAD, coenzymes of oxidoreductases
  • deficiency: stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization, caused by liver impairment or certain drugs
A

vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

33
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • required for NAD+ and NADP+, important in oxidoreductase reactions
  • deficiency: pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 D’s of pellagra)
  • can be used as cholesterol lowering med
  • may occur with Hartnup disease due to tryptophan deficiency
A

vitamin B3 (niacin)

34
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • found in animals, plants, synthesized by gut
  • part of CoA
  • deficiency caused by extreme starvation
  • dermatitis, numbness, paresthesia
A

vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

35
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • involved in amino acid, CHO, and lipid metabolism
  • pyridoxal phosphate is active form, required for synthesis of serotonin, noradrenaline, and sphingosine
  • found in, fish, beef, liver, poultry, potatoes, fruits (not citrus)
  • deficiency: caused by alcoholism, obesity, malabsorption, renal disease, autoimmune disease, causes sideroblastic anemia
A

vitamin B (pyridoxine)

36
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • involved in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and catabolism of BCAA’s
  • synthesized by intestinal gut microbes
  • deficiency: can be caused by consumption of raw eggs; leads to depression, hallucinations, muscle pain, and dermatitis
A

vitamin B7 (biotin)

37
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • involved in methylation in DNA synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and amino acids
  • found in liver, yeast, green leafy vegetables, and fruits
  • deficiency: fairly common; caused by inadequate intake, impaired absorption, impaired metabolism, increased demand (during pregnancy and lactation)
  • during pregnancy deficiency: neural tube defects (spina bifida), low birth weight, premature birth
  • can also occur because of alcoholism, dialysis, liver disease, causes megaloblastic anemia
A

vitamin B9 (folate/folic acid)

38
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • involved in synthesis of nucleic acids, erythrocyte productions, recycling of floats, homocysteine/methionine production
  • synthesized by bacteria, acquired only through animal products
  • causes pernicious anemia and megaloblastic anemia
  • deficiency can be caused by autoimmune causing gastric atrophy and/or loss of parietal cells, anything reducing stomach or intestines
  • intrinsic factor required for absorption of this vitamin in distal ileum
A

vitamin B12

39
Q
  • water soluble vitamin
  • main function is to maintain metal cofactors in their lower valence state
  • found in citrus and soft fruits, tomatoes, and peppers
  • deficiency: scurvy
  • excess can cause renal oxalate stones
A

vitamin C

SFM DSA’s 7/27-7/31 (6 decks)

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