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SFM DSA’s 7/27-7/31 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q
  • organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • general formula: Cn(H2O)n; (n=3-9)
  • important cellular fuel stores
  • critical molecules in control of metabolism (catabolism/anabolism)
  • examples: starch (poly), sucrose (di), dietary fiber, and lactose (di)
A

dietary carbohydrates

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2
Q
  • the body’s inability to easily digest lactose due to genetic deficiency of lactase
  • production of lactase decreases with age, especially when an infant starts weaning process
  • sx: abd cramps, gas, bloating
  • tx: avoid dairy products, use lactose-free products, take lactase supps
  • regionally, gain of function in lactase genes can occur in populations with large dairy consumption
A

lactose intolerance

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3
Q
  • regulated by insulin and glucagon
  • normal: fasting (70-100 mg/dL), post prandial (<140 mg/dL)
  • hypoglycemia: <60 mg/dL; hunger, sweating, trembling
  • <40 mg/dL: convulsions, coma, brain damage, death
  • diabetes: fasting (>126 mg/dL), post prandial (>199 mg/dL)
A

blood glucose

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4
Q
  • the metabolism of glucose
  • process by which most cells generate energy (2 net ATP molecules formed)
  • breaks 6 C’s of glucose to 2x 3 C’s of pyruvate; energy production continues in mitochondria with O2
  • aerobic conditions suppress this process (except cancers)
  • used to help screen for cancers via PET scans
A

glycolysis

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5
Q

What are the 4 forms of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • oligosaccharides (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
  • polysaccharides
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6
Q
  • modified monosaccharide

- a component of DNA

A

deoxyaldose

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7
Q
  • modified monosaccharide

- components of glycoproteins and glycolipids (cell signaling, cell adhesion, immune response)

A

acetylated amino sugars

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8
Q
  • modified monosaccharide

- present in cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix

A

acidic sugars

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9
Q
  • modified monosaccharide

- constitute the gangliosides in oligodendrocyte of the nervous system

A

sugar esters

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10
Q
  • modified monosaccharide
  • food additives, sweeteners
  • significant in diabetes (cataracts and peripheral neuropathy)
  • fewer calories per gram
  • not as readily absorbed
  • does not contribute to tooth decay
A

sugar alcohols

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11
Q

What is the bond that links monosaccharides within disaccharides?

A

glycosidic bond

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12
Q

What are the common types of disaccharides and what are their bonds?

A
  • sucrose = glucose + fructose (alpha-1, beta-2 bond)
  • lactose = galactose + glucose (beta-1>4 bond)
  • maltose = glucose + glucose (alpha-1>4 bond)
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13
Q
  • carbohydrate stores: structural an mechanical cellular support
  • in times of feeding, unused carbs in the form of glucose are shunted to glycogenesis pathway for formation of glycogen (storage)
A

polysaccharides

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14
Q
  • polysaccharide in humans
  • sugar component: alpha-glucose
  • linkage: alpha-1>4 and alpha-1>6
  • function: food storage in animals
  • branching: ~6-10 glucose
A

glycogen

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15
Q

What are the different types of lipids (4)?

A
  • fatty acids: saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (double bonds)
  • triacylglycerol: 3 fatty acids with glycerol backbone
  • cholesterol esters: fatty acid esterfied to a cholesterol
  • phospholipids: comprise cell membranes
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16
Q

What are the lipid soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

17
Q
  • long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains
  • general formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH
  • saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated
  • omega-3 and omega-6 are essential
A

fatty acids

18
Q
  • essential fatty acids
  • the “3” and “6” denote carbon location of terminal double bond
  • linolenic acid is a common 3
  • linoleic and arachidonic acids are common 6’s
A

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

19
Q
  • any of a class of organic compounds composed of two or more units of hydrocarbons, with each unit consisting of five carbon atoms arranged in a specific pattern
  • synthesized from acetyl CoA via intermediate IPP (isopentenyl pyrophosphate)
  • condensation of IPP = steroids, vitamins, and coenzyme Q
  • steroids: characteristics ABCD ring system
A

isoprenoids

20
Q
  • component of membranes
  • precursor to:
    • steroid hormones: (progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, and estradiol)
    • bile acids
    • vitamin D
A

cholesterol

21
Q
  • when the non ideal bile, including too much cholesterol and too little bile salts, cause formation of crystalline _______ in the gallbladder
  • continued disturbances in metabolism can lead to malabsorption and fat soluble vitamin deficiencies
  • tx: oral chenodeoxycholic acid can help dissolve
A

gallstones

22
Q
  • fuel: amino acids generate ATP in TCA cycle
  • structural: key components in connective tissue
  • activity: enzymes, cell signaling, transport
A

proteins

23
Q
  • amino acid sequence written from left to right starting with N-terminus (NH3) and terminating with C-terminus (COO)
  • R-groups alternate above or below backbone
  • peptide bonds (no rotation), rotation allowed between C-alpha, but restricted due to steric hindrance of R-groups and carboxyl
A

primary protein structure

24
Q
  • helices: right hand curvature, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between nonadjacent amino acids
  • beta sheet (parallel or antiparallel): two or more non-coiled strands that associate via hydrogen bond formation, alternating directions of carboxyls and alternating R-groups
  • turns/loops: ~4 amino acids in length, one of which is proline; join antiparallel sheets or between sheets and helices
A

secondary structure or proteins

25
Q
  • hydrophobic interactions, non polar amino acids fold into center, away from water forming a hydrophobic core
  • disulfide bonds in cysteine, metal ion complexes, hydrogen bonding
A

tertiary structure of proteins

26
Q
  • multiple protein subunits (pLGIC), hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions
A

quaternary structure of proteins

27
Q
  • an avg 155 lb person consumes ~100 g of protein qd
  • protein is hydrolyzed to its component amino acids by proteolytic enzymes in stomach and duodenum prior to absorption
  • further metabolism of amino acids occurs to provide energy or to create other important biomolecules
  • ~400 g of protein is degraded qd in tissues, and ~400 g of new proteins are synthesized in the body qd
  • nitrogen atoms contained in proteins are channeled into the urea cycle of the liver, nitrogen is excreted as urea in urine or sweat
A

protein turnover

28
Q
  • oxidation of the sulfhydryl (-SH) group of cysteine residues in the lumen of the rough ER creates covalent _______ ______, usually in secreted proteins
  • oxidizing environment is necessary for formation of these
  • cytoplasm is not an oxidizing environment due to the high conc of the antioxidant, glutathione
  • keratin (hair protein) has high cysteine content and tends to form disulfide bonds (manipulating these bonds is key to hair texture)
A

disulfide bonds

SFM DSA’s 7/27-7/31 (6 decks)

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