Nutrition Flashcards
Name the four main fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A (retinol), vitamin D (cholecalciferol), vitamin E (tocopherol), vitamin K (phytomenadione)
What does retinol deficiency cause?
Colour blindness
What does retinol excess cause?
Exfoliation, hepatitis
What does cholecalciferol deficiency cause?
Rickets or osteomalacia
What does cholecalciferol excess cause?
Hypercalcaemia
What does tocopherol deficiency cause?
Anaemia, neuropathy
What does phytomenadione deficiency cause?
Defective clotting
How are phytomenadione levels tested?
Prothrombin time/ INR
Name six water-soluble B vitamins
B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin)
What does thiamine deficiency cause?
Beri-Beri, neuropathy, Wernicke’s encephalopathy
How are thiamine levels tested?
Red blood cell transketolase
What does riboflavin deficiency cause?
Glossitis
What does pyridoxine deficiency cause?
Dermatitis, anaemia
What does pyridoxine excess cause?
Neuropathy
How are riboflavin levels tested?
Red blood cell glutathione reductase
How arepyridoxine levels tested?
Red blood cell AST activation
What does cobalamin deficiency cause?
Pernicious anaemia
What does ascorbate deficiency cause?
Scurvy
What does ascorbate excess cause?
Renal stones
What does folate deficiency cause?
Megaloblastic anaemia, foetal neural tube defects
What does niacin deficiency cause?
Pellagra, dementia, dermatitis, diarrhoea
What does iron deficiency cause?
Hypochromic anaemia
What does iron excess cause?
Haemopchromatosis
What does iodine deficiency cause?
Hypothyroidism, goitre
What does zinc deficiency cause?
Dermatitis
What does copper deficiency cause?
Anaemia
What does copper excess cause?
Wilson’s disease
How are copper levels tested?
Serum copper, caeruloplasmin
What does fluoride deficiency cause?
Dental caries
What does fluoride excess cause?
Fluorosis
Which deficiencies does Crohn’s disease predispose to?
If terminal ileal disease: B12 and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
If on methotrexate: folate deficiency
If chronic diarrhoea: calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and zinc derangement
Which deficiencies does coeliac disease predispose to?
Iron, fat-solube vitamins, thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6)
Which deficiencies does chronic liver disease predispose to?
Fat-soluble vitamins, cobalamin (B12), selenium, magnesium, zinc, folate (B9)
Which deficiencies does chronic kidney disease predispose to?
Protein (protein energy wasting syndrome)
Which deficiencies does pancreatic insufficiency predispose to?
Fat-soluble vitamins
