Nutrition

Question 1

Name the four main fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

Vitamin A (retinol), vitamin D (cholecalciferol), vitamin E (tocopherol), vitamin K (phytomenadione)

Question 2

What does retinol deficiency cause?

Answer 2

Colour blindness

Question 3

What does retinol excess cause?

Answer 3

Exfoliation, hepatitis

Question 4

What does cholecalciferol deficiency cause?

Answer 4

Rickets or osteomalacia

Question 5

What does cholecalciferol excess cause?

Answer 5

Hypercalcaemia

Question 6

What does tocopherol deficiency cause?

Answer 6

Anaemia, neuropathy

Question 7

What does phytomenadione deficiency cause?

Answer 7

Defective clotting

Question 8

How are phytomenadione levels tested?

Answer 8

Prothrombin time/ INR

Question 9

Name six water-soluble B vitamins

Answer 9

B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin)

Question 10

What does thiamine deficiency cause?

Answer 10

Beri-Beri, neuropathy, Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Question 11

How are thiamine levels tested?

Answer 11

Red blood cell transketolase

Question 12

What does riboflavin deficiency cause?

Answer 12

Glossitis

Question 13

What does pyridoxine deficiency cause?

Answer 13

Dermatitis, anaemia

Question 14

What does pyridoxine excess cause?

Answer 14

Neuropathy

Question 15

How are riboflavin levels tested?

Answer 15

Red blood cell glutathione reductase

Question 16

How arepyridoxine levels tested?

Answer 16

Red blood cell AST activation

Question 17

What does cobalamin deficiency cause?

Answer 17

Pernicious anaemia

Question 18

What does ascorbate deficiency cause?

Answer 18

Scurvy

Question 19

What does ascorbate excess cause?

Answer 19

Renal stones

Question 20

What does folate deficiency cause?

Answer 20

Megaloblastic anaemia, foetal neural tube defects

Question 21

What does niacin deficiency cause?

Answer 21

Pellagra, dementia, dermatitis, diarrhoea

Question 22

What does iron deficiency cause?

Answer 22

Hypochromic anaemia

Question 23

What does iron excess cause?

Answer 23

Haemopchromatosis

Question 24

What does iodine deficiency cause?

Answer 24

Hypothyroidism, goitre

Question 25

What does zinc deficiency cause?

Answer 25

Dermatitis

Question 26

What does copper deficiency cause?

Answer 26

Anaemia

Question 27

What does copper excess cause?

Answer 27

Wilson’s disease

Question 28

How are copper levels tested?

Answer 28

Serum copper, caeruloplasmin

Question 29

What does fluoride deficiency cause?

Answer 29

Dental caries

Question 30

What does fluoride excess cause?

Answer 30

Fluorosis

Question 31

Which deficiencies does Crohn’s disease predispose to?

Answer 31

If terminal ileal disease: B12 and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
If on methotrexate: folate deficiency
If chronic diarrhoea: calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and zinc derangement

Question 32

Which deficiencies does coeliac disease predispose to?

Answer 32

Iron, fat-solube vitamins, thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6)

Question 33

Which deficiencies does chronic liver disease predispose to?

Answer 33

Fat-soluble vitamins, cobalamin (B12), selenium, magnesium, zinc, folate (B9)

Question 34

Which deficiencies does chronic kidney disease predispose to?

Answer 34

Protein (protein energy wasting syndrome)

Question 35

Which deficiencies does pancreatic insufficiency predispose to?

Answer 35

Fat-soluble vitamins