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Paediatrics > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nutritional requirements of a baby?

A

0-3 months: Calorie intake of 100kcal/kg/day

3-12 months: 95gcal/kg/day

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2
Q

How long should infants ideally breastfeed for?

A

First 6 months of life

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3
Q

What is the alternative to breastfeeding?

A

Formula milk = cow’s milk protein preparation with added iron and vitamins A,C and D

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4
Q

What are the risks of making the formula milk too strong?

A
  • Constipation
  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte imbalance
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5
Q

What are the normal feeding habits of a baby between 0-2 months?

A
  • 2-4 oz each feed
  • 6-10 feeds per day
  • Total vol= 800ml
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6
Q

What are the normal feeding habits of a baby between 3-5 months?

A
  • 5-6 oz each feed
  • 6-7 feeds per day
  • Total vol= 1050ml
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7
Q

What are the normal feeding habits of a baby between 6-8 months?

A
  • 6-8 oz each feed
  • 5-6 feeds per day
  • Weaning should begin so total daily vol dependent on solid foods
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8
Q

How should weaning be carried out?

A
  • Home prepared food with no added salt/sugar
  • Baby should sit upright
  • Eating with hands
  • Should not be left alone when eating
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9
Q

What is baby led weaning and why is it reccomended?

A

Baby led weaning allows baby to use own motor and social skills to pick up food and eat it - this encourages hand-eye coordination.
Should not put food into baby’s mouth and persuade them to eat more than they want - let baby eat at their own pace.

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10
Q

When will baby begin to eat 3 meals per day?

A

8-9 months

Should not require frequent breastfeeding at this point.

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11
Q

What are the risks of introducing solid foods too early, and too late?

A
  • Too early: may cause gut irritation/ choking as swallow reflex has not developed
  • Too late: may cause feeding difficulties and nutritional deficiencies
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12
Q

What foods should all babies avoid in first year?

A
  • Honey - may cause infantile botulism
  • Salt
  • Sugar
  • Raw shellfish
  • Raw egg
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13
Q

Why should gluten and nut products be avoided in first 6 months?

A

May be allergy/ intolerance risk - need to be careful with food introduction, especially if parent has allergy/ atopy

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14
Q

When can a baby drink full-fat cow’s milk?

A

1 year - they should also be eating meals with the family at this point.

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15
Q

What vitamin supplements do children require?

A

Vitamins A,D,E daily up until 5 years of age.

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16
Q

What is the healthy start scheme?

A
  • All pregnant women <18 y/o or receiving income support/ JSA qualify.
  • Receive healthy food vouchers to spend at participating supermarkets.
  • Incentivises healthy eating and tries to address health inequality.
17
Q

How is malnutrition assessed?

A
  • Measure dietary intake
  • Anthropometric calculations e.g. height, weight, mid upper arm circumference, skin fold thickness
  • Biochemical tests: low albumin, low WCC and low mineral concentrations (potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium)
18
Q

What signs of malnutrition are seen in children?

A
  • Reduced growth
  • Behavioural changes: irritable, slow, anxious
  • Low energy levels - more tired than ususal
  • Wrinkled appearance to the axillae
  • Wasting of buttocks
19
Q

What is marasmus? How does it present?

A

Occurs in severe malnutrition (> 62% of body weight lost) - where there is inadequate energy intake of ALL forms.

Presentation: muscular wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat

20
Q

What is kwashiorkor? How does it present?

A

Caused by protein deficiency, but there is still adequate energy intake.
Presentation: oedema and ascites due to protein deficiency.

21
Q

What is the range for obesity under 12 years of age?

A
  • Overweight = BMI 85th -95th centile
  • Obese= BMI > 95th centile
  • Very severe obesity = BMI > 99.6th centile
22
Q

Management of obesity in children…

A

Conservative:

  • 60mins physical exercise per day
  • Reduced portion sizes
  • Discouraging snacking

Medical: (severely obese/ complications)

  • Orlistat
  • Metformin

*Bariatric surgery is not considered until child has reached full maturity.

Paediatrics (12 decks)

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