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Animal Management > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

How something takes in and utilises food

Linked to health

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2
Q

What are the different types of herbivores?

A

Foregut fermenter - ruminants
Hindgut fermenter - horses and rabbits
Non fermentation - rodents

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3
Q

What are the two different types of net energy?

A

For production

For maintenance

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4
Q

What percentages mean what for dehydration?

A

10% - bad

15-20% - death

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5
Q

What are the main monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Mannose - doesn’t occur in free state
Galactose - “

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6
Q

What makes lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What are the main disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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8
Q

What are the main polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulase

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9
Q

What are the 8 biological functions of proteins?

A 
Enzymes
Structural
Transport
Storage
Contractile
Hormones
Protective
Toxins
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10
Q

What different types of protein are there?

A

Simple

Conjugated - eg. holoprotein

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11
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

8

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12
Q

What are essential in a cats diet?

A

Taurine
Arginine
Vitamin D
Niacin (B3)

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13
Q

How do you work out the crude protein?

A

6.25 x total nitrogen

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14
Q

What percentage of crude proteins are nitrogen?

A

16%

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15
Q

How do ruminants break down protein?

A

2 stage process
Symbiotic protozoa eat the protein - microbial crude protein
Then the cow digests the protozoa

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16
Q

What is the dietary requirement for saturated fatty acids?

A

More than 0.45

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17
Q

What are the two types of minerals?

A

Macro and micro

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18
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A

Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg

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19
Q

What are the microminerals?

A

Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co

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20
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

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21
Q

Which of the two types of vitamins is it toxic if there is an oversupply?

A

Fat soluble

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22
Q

What are the 6 main things to think about when formulating a diet?

A 
Energy
Protein
Essential fatty acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
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23
Q

What are essential in a dogs diet?

A

Vitamin D
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Linoleic acid

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24
Q

What does adipsia mean?

A

No water intake

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25
Q

What is normal water intake?

A

2ml/kg/h

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26
Q

What are the three different types of feeding?

A

Ad lib - cats
Portion - dogs
Timed

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27
Q

What is different about wet food to dry food?

A

Wet - low energy density, higher in fat

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28
Q

What are the concequences of taurine deficiency?

A

Blindness
big floppy heart - dilated cardiomyopathy
reproduction problems

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29
Q

How do you work out the amount of calories in food?

A
  1. 5 x 1g of protein
  2. 5 x gram of fat
  3. 5 x gram of carbs
30
Q

When do cats move onto adult food?

31
Q

When does lactation peak?

A

4 weeks after birth

32
Q

How much less do queens need after neutering?

A

Up to 30% - risk of obesity

33
Q

When is an animal considered geriatric?

A

Last 25% of life - 15+ years old

34
Q

How should you feed animals when theyre geriatric?

A

Cats - more as they cant digest as much

Dogs - less as tend to get overweight

35
Q

What proportion of daily intake should be a complete diet?

A

more than 90%

36
Q

What is forage?

A

Fibrose material that grows - main part of herbivore diet

37
Q

WHat is the name of grass sown for forage purposes?

A

Ley - usually there for less than 5 years

38
Q

What makes up rough grazing?

A

heather, fescue

39
Q

WHat makes up most of permanent pasture?

40
Q

What are legumes for pastures?

A

Alfalfa, clover - fix nitrogen

41
Q

What fertiliser is usually used?

42
Q

WHat pH is aimed for in pasture?

43
Q

What is the effect of age on grasses?

A

More lignin
More cellulose
Less protein

44
Q

Where does maize need to be grown?

A

Warmer climates - dies in less than 6 degrees

45
Q

Where is maize used and why?

A

In dairy feed as it has high energy (fibre and starch) and dry matter

46
Q

When is maize harvested?

A

When its dying, >25% DM

47
Q

What are the three whole crop cereals?

A

Wheat, barley and oats

48
Q

When are whole crop cereals cut for silage?

A

Two weeks after ear emergence - 30-60% DM

49
Q

What are the main roots?

A

Beets
Swedes
Leafy brassicas - kale and turnips

50
Q

When are roots planted?

A

After cereals have been harvested

Animals can graze on them in the winter

51
Q

WHat happens when silage ferments?

A

The carbs turn into lactic acid due to anaerobic conditions

THis reduces the pH - pH is dry matter dependent

52
Q

What chemical will spoil the crop ?

A

Butyric acid

53
Q

What happens during aerobic spoilage of silage?

A

Yeast and mould grow - toxic

54
Q

How is hay made?

A

Dried out in sun - needs 4 to 5 days

High nutritive losses

55
Q

What cause nutritive losses?

A 
Enzymes
Mould
Oxidation
damage
leaching
storage
56
Q

Adv of hay?

A

more palatable
storage
less likely to be contaminated

57
Q

What is haylage?

A

Water content between hay and silage
Some fermentation - wrapped
more expensive
Fed to horses

58
Q

What is straw?

A

The dried stems of cereals - wheat, barley and oats

59
Q

What does a diet high in concentrates need?

A

Roughage like straw in the diet

60
Q

WHat are the different types of concentrates?

A

Straights - one thing

Mixes - pellets or mix

61
Q

What do the different straights look like?

A

Oats - long
Wheat - short and fat
Barley - in between

62
Q

What are by products?

A

From brewing and food production

eg. Sugar beet pulp

63
Q

WHat happens in nitrate poisoning?

A

Breaks down Hb

Blood turns dark brown

64
Q

What causes photosensitisation?

A

hepatotoxic plants

eg. blue green algae

65
Q

How much dry matter does a horse eat a day?

A

2-2.5% body mass
75% of that is forage
eg. 10kg for 500kg horse

66
Q

How much water does a horse drink a day?

A

40-60ml per kg

50 litres a day

67
Q

What must you do to sugar beet pulp?

68
Q

How much protein does a performance horse need?

A

Less than 12% of diet

69
Q

When are foals weaned?

A

6-8 months

70
Q

When should you feed a horse before a competition?

A

8 hours before

Can have forage in between

Animal Management (5 decks)

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