Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

How something takes in and utilises food

Linked to health

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2
Q

What are the different types of herbivores?

A

Foregut fermenter - ruminants
Hindgut fermenter - horses and rabbits
Non fermentation - rodents

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3
Q

What are the two different types of net energy?

A

For production

For maintenance

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4
Q

What percentages mean what for dehydration?

A

10% - bad

15-20% - death

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5
Q

What are the main monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Mannose - doesn’t occur in free state
Galactose - “

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6
Q

What makes lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What are the main disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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8
Q

What are the main polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulase

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9
Q

What are the 8 biological functions of proteins?

A
Enzymes
Structural
Transport
Storage
Contractile
Hormones
Protective
Toxins
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10
Q

What different types of protein are there?

A

Simple

Conjugated - eg. holoprotein

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11
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

8

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12
Q

What are essential in a cats diet?

A

Taurine
Arginine
Vitamin D
Niacin (B3)

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13
Q

How do you work out the crude protein?

A

6.25 x total nitrogen

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14
Q

What percentage of crude proteins are nitrogen?

A

16%

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15
Q

How do ruminants break down protein?

A

2 stage process
Symbiotic protozoa eat the protein - microbial crude protein
Then the cow digests the protozoa

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16
Q

What is the dietary requirement for saturated fatty acids?

A

More than 0.45

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17
Q

What are the two types of minerals?

A

Macro and micro

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18
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A

Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S, Mg

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19
Q

What are the microminerals?

A

Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co

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20
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble

Water soluble

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21
Q

Which of the two types of vitamins is it toxic if there is an oversupply?

A

Fat soluble

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22
Q

What are the 6 main things to think about when formulating a diet?

A
Energy
Protein
Essential fatty acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
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23
Q

What are essential in a dogs diet?

A

Vitamin D
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Linoleic acid

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24
Q

What does adipsia mean?

A

No water intake

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25
What is normal water intake?
2ml/kg/h
26
What are the three different types of feeding?
Ad lib - cats Portion - dogs Timed
27
What is different about wet food to dry food?
Wet - low energy density, higher in fat
28
What are the concequences of taurine deficiency?
Blindness big floppy heart - dilated cardiomyopathy reproduction problems
29
How do you work out the amount of calories in food?
3. 5 x 1g of protein 8. 5 x gram of fat 3. 5 x gram of carbs
30
When do cats move onto adult food?
12 months
31
When does lactation peak?
4 weeks after birth
32
How much less do queens need after neutering?
Up to 30% - risk of obesity
33
When is an animal considered geriatric?
Last 25% of life - 15+ years old
34
How should you feed animals when theyre geriatric?
Cats - more as they cant digest as much | Dogs - less as tend to get overweight
35
What proportion of daily intake should be a complete diet?
more than 90%
36
What is forage?
Fibrose material that grows - main part of herbivore diet
37
WHat is the name of grass sown for forage purposes?
Ley - usually there for less than 5 years
38
What makes up rough grazing?
heather, fescue
39
WHat makes up most of permanent pasture?
Ryegrass
40
What are legumes for pastures?
Alfalfa, clover - fix nitrogen
41
What fertiliser is usually used?
NPK
42
WHat pH is aimed for in pasture?
6
43
What is the effect of age on grasses?
More lignin More cellulose Less protein
44
Where does maize need to be grown?
Warmer climates - dies in less than 6 degrees
45
Where is maize used and why?
In dairy feed as it has high energy (fibre and starch) and dry matter
46
When is maize harvested?
When its dying, >25% DM
47
What are the three whole crop cereals?
Wheat, barley and oats
48
When are whole crop cereals cut for silage?
Two weeks after ear emergence - 30-60% DM
49
What are the main roots?
Beets Swedes Leafy brassicas - kale and turnips
50
When are roots planted?
After cereals have been harvested | Animals can graze on them in the winter
51
WHat happens when silage ferments?
The carbs turn into lactic acid due to anaerobic conditions | THis reduces the pH - pH is dry matter dependent
52
What chemical will spoil the crop ?
Butyric acid
53
What happens during aerobic spoilage of silage?
Yeast and mould grow - toxic
54
How is hay made?
Dried out in sun - needs 4 to 5 days | High nutritive losses
55
What cause nutritive losses?
``` Enzymes Mould Oxidation damage leaching storage ```
56
Adv of hay?
more palatable storage less likely to be contaminated
57
What is haylage?
Water content between hay and silage Some fermentation - wrapped more expensive Fed to horses
58
What is straw?
The dried stems of cereals - wheat, barley and oats
59
What does a diet high in concentrates need?
Roughage like straw in the diet
60
WHat are the different types of concentrates?
Straights - one thing | Mixes - pellets or mix
61
What do the different straights look like?
Oats - long Wheat - short and fat Barley - in between
62
What are by products?
From brewing and food production | eg. Sugar beet pulp
63
WHat happens in nitrate poisoning?
Breaks down Hb | Blood turns dark brown
64
What causes photosensitisation?
hepatotoxic plants | eg. blue green algae
65
How much dry matter does a horse eat a day?
2-2.5% body mass 75% of that is forage eg. 10kg for 500kg horse
66
How much water does a horse drink a day?
40-60ml per kg | 50 litres a day
67
What must you do to sugar beet pulp?
Soak it
68
How much protein does a performance horse need?
Less than 12% of diet
69
When are foals weaned?
6-8 months
70
When should you feed a horse before a competition?
8 hours before | Can have forage in between