Nutrition Flashcards
Pros and cons of breast feeding
Advantages
For the mother - Nursing will help the uterus return to its normal size sooner and also may help the mother Sreturn to her pre-pregnancy weight sooner.
Relationshoip with both parties
No prep time
Always at right temp
Fresh and free from contamionating bacteria
Fewer feeding difficukties ie allergies
Protects from infec(Human milk contains bacterial and viral antibodies, including relatively high concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A, that prevent microorganisms from adhering to the intestinal mucosa.)
Contains lactoferrin – inhibitory effect on growth of GIT e coli
Transfer of T cells immunity
Disadvantages Lower vit D Iron content is low Vitamin K is low – hg disease of newborn. ;Paraentral administration of 1mg vitamin K1 is goiven at birth) Transmission of HIV by infected mothers CMV, rubella, hep B – transmission mainly through delivery. Active immunoization of infant within 1st 24 hours of life w/ high titer immunoglobulin for hep B and follow up vaccination. HSV
CI of breastfeeding
Mastitis
Acute maternal infection – breast milk can be pumped into bottle and given
Mothers w/ septicaemia/ typhoid fever/ active TB / breast cancer or malaria
Substance abuse
Infants with galactosemia and phenylkeonouria – should receive special dietry formulas
Complications of breast feeding
Breastfeeding is restrictive for the mother, as others cannot take charge of her baby for any length of time.
This is particularly important if she goes to work and may delay her return, which may cause financial hard- ship for the family.
Facilities for breastfeeding in public places remain limited.
Failure to establish breastfeed- ing will sometimes cause significant emotional upset in the mother.
Preterm infants can be breastfed, but the mother will need to learn how to express milk from the breast until the infant can suck
Sufficient breastfeeding is not possible in triplets
Advantages and disadvantages of formula feeding
higher energy and mineral content), in infants with cow’s milk protein allergy, lactose intolerance (primary lactase deficiency or postgastroenteritis intolerance), cystic fibrosis, neonatal cholestatic liver
Contains medium chain triglycerides That are directly absorbed into the small intestine and need neither pancreatic enzymes nor bile salts for this process.
Disadvantages
soya formula should not be used for infants under 6 months of age as it has a high aluminium content and contains phytoestrogens (plant substances that mimic the effects of endogenous oestrogens).
When and how does weaning occur?
BEGIN AT ≈ 6 MO OF AGE
Avoid foods with high allergenic potential (cow’s milk, eggs, fish, nuts, soybeans).
At the proper age, encourage a cup rather than a bottle.
Introduce 1 food at a time.
Energy density should exceed that of breast milk.
Iron-containing foods (meat, iron-supplemented cereals) are required.
Zinc intake should be encouraged with foods such as meat, dairy products, wheat, and rice.
BREAST MILK SHOULD END AT 12 MO;
When cessation of nursing is necessary at an early age, use of a tight breast binder and application of ice bags, reduced mater al fluids and oestrogen
Feeding schedule for an infant
FEEDING DURING THE 2nd 6 MONTHS OF LIFE
By 4-6 months – digestion, absorption metabolization and excretion – near capacity of adult
Teeth are beginning to erupt – be aware of over consumption of carbs – dental caries
Complementary additional foods should be introduced in a stepwise fashion
Vegetable puree – 4 months
Cereals – 5 months
Vegetable meat puree + egg yolk – 6 months
Soup – 7/8 months
Begin with ½ spoons per feeding and gradually ioncrease to required amount for a week period
FEEDING DURING LATER CHILDHOOD
2yrs+ – same as family
Feeding problems during 1st year of life
Forma for formula feeding
infant should be hungry, fully awake , warm + dry
Nipple hole on bottle should be small – effort to feed
Bottle formula – usually warmed to room temp
Feeding may last 5 – 25 minutes – depends on age and energy of infant
