Nutrition Flashcards
Recall healthy eating guidelines
5 various fruit and vegetables a day
Base meals on starchy carbohydrates; wholegrain versions where possible
Have dairy or dairy alternatives eg soy; low fat low sugar options
Eat beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other proteins (2 portions of fish a week, one of which oily)
Choose unsaturated oils and spreads and small amounts
6-8 cups/glasses of fluid a day
Recall methods to evaluate nutritional status
Nutrition screening
Nutrition assessment
Leading to nutritional diagnosis
What are the two feeding strategies for patients that can’t eat for themselves?
Enteral feeding
Paraneteral feeding
What is enteral feeding
Delivery of nutritious fluid past the upper GI tract and into the stomach/small intestine via nose or percutaneously: oesophagostomy, gastrostomy, jejunostomy
What is paranteral feeding
Bypassing GI tract altogether and deliver nutrients to the blood via venous catheter
What are complications of enteral feeding
Low risk of complications
Nausea, vomiting and apsiration of food - travels back up from your stomach to your esophagus
What are the complications of paranteral feeding?
High risk of serious complications
Blood clots
Infection
Liver failure
What are the effects of enteral nutrition on GI tract?
Maintains the internal structure and functio of GI tract
What are the effects of paranteral feeding on the GI tract?
Causes atrophy of gastrointestinal structures through underuse
What is the difference in cost between enteral and paranteral nutrition?
Paranteral nutrition 5 times more expensive
Summarise alcohol metabolism
3 separate pathways
Ehanol -NAD+ to NADH-> Acetylaldehyde in cytosol
Catalase makes H2O2 to H2O in peroxisomes
NADPH + H+ + O2 -> NADP+ + 2H2O in microsomes
Acetylaldehyde -ADH-> ethanol also possible (reversible reaction)
Acetylaldehyde -ALDH2-> Acetate in mitochondria releasing NAD+ -> NADH
acetate -> circulation
Alcohol’s physical effects on the human body
CNS – Wernickes encephalopathy, Cerebral atrophy, Cerebellar syndrome, Optic Atrophy, Peripheral neuropathy
CVS – Hypertension, Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, Stroke
GIT – Oesophagitis, Gastritis, Oesophageal and Gastric cancer, Pancreatitis, Pancreatic cancer, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Liver Cancer
GUT – Glomerulonephritis, Renal failure
LMS – Gout, Fractures, Myopathies,
Endocrine & Reproduction – Pseudocushings, Impotence, Subfertility, Breast Cancer, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What are the characteristics of alcohol dependence, misuse and problem drinking
Drug of addiction and frequently used in conjunction to other recreational drugs of abuse
What is short bowel syndrome characterised by?
significant removal of the bowel which leaves the patient with less than 100 cm of functional intestinal tract - reduction in absorptive surface area
What is malnutrition?
A state of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess (imbalance) of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form (shape, size, composition) and function and clinical outcome
