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Y1 Alimentary > Liver BASICS > Flashcards

Liver BASICS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Metabolic/Catabolic functions: make carb, fats and proteins
Secretory and excretory functions:make and release bile and waste products
Detoxification and immunological functions: break down ingested pathogen and process drugs

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2
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Emulsification and absorption of fat: increase SA for lipase
Cholesterol homeostasis: excrete XS
Toxin excretion: endogenous (bilirubin) and exogenous (drugs)

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3
Q

What seperates the two lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

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4
Q

What are the two lobes of the liver?

A

Right and left

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5
Q

What are the main perfusing vessels to the liver?

A

Hepatic artery 20% and hepatic portal vein 80%

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6
Q

How can the liver be further separated?

A

Into discrete segments (8) with their own anatomical borders and independent blood supply and bile drainage so can have severe damage in one part of liver w/o affecting rest

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7
Q

What is a hepatic lobule?

A

Structural hexagonal unit of liver tissue

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8
Q

What is found at each corner of the hepatic lobule hexagon?

A

Portal triad

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9
Q

What is a portal triad?

A

It has 3 conduit vessels/ducts: hepatic portal vein branch, hepatic artery branch, bile duct

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10
Q

What is found at the centre of the liver lobule?

A

Central vein that collects blood draining from hepatic sinusoids to return it to the systemic venous system via the hepatic veins

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11
Q

What are found within the hepatic lobule?

A

Rows of hepatocytes with sinusoid facing side and bile canaliculi facing side

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12
Q

What does the branch of the hepatic portal vein in the portal triad contain?

A

BC its coming from venous blood in GI organs and spleen, has raw nutrients, bacteria, toxins, waste products

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13
Q

What do the hepatocytes in the hepatic lobule do?

A

Process nutrients, detoxify the blood and excrete waste substances before the blood returns to the circulation

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14
Q

What does the branch of the hepatic portal vein in the portal triad contain?

A

Oxygen rich blood into the liver tissue to help support the hepatocyte high energy demands

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15
Q

What does the bile ducts do?

A

Bile made from hepatocytes drain into tiny canals called bile canaliculi and eventually coalesce with the cholangiocyte lined bile ducts located around the lobule perimeter

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16
Q

Where does bile and blood flow towards in the hepatic lobule?

A

Blood flow toward centre

Bile flow toward perimeter

17
Q

What is a hepatic acinus?

A

Functional unit of liver that is harder to define anatomically than a hepatic lobule

18
Q

What is a hepatic acinus made up of?

A

Two adjacent 1/6 lobules that share 2 portal triads and extend as far into the lobule as central veins

19
Q

How much oxygen and toxin do the three zones of the acinus recieve?

A

Zone 1 - o2 high toxin risk high
zone 2 - o2 medium toxin risk medium
zone 3 - o2 risk low toxin risk low

20
Q

What are the 5 cell types in the liver?

A 
Endothelial cells
Kuppfer cells
Hepatic stellate cells
Hepatocyte
Cholangiocyte
21
Q

What do endothelial cells look like?

A

No basement mambrane, many fenestrations, discontinuous endothelium, very leaky

22
Q

What do endothelial cells do?

A

Allow transfer of lipids/proteins/carbs

23
Q

What do kuppfer cells look like

A

They are sinusoidal macrophage cells that are stellate shaped and attached to endothelial cells

24
Q

What do Kuppfer cells do?

A

Eliminate and detoxify substances arriving into liver form portal circulation - phagocytosis

25
Q

What percentage of the liver cell population is kuppfer cells?

A

15%

26
Q

What do hepatic stellate cells look like?

A

They exist in a quiescent (dormant) state and become activated (fibroblasts) in response to liver damage

27
Q

What do hepatic stellate cells do?

A

Store vit. A in liver cytosolic droplets

Proliferate, chemotactic and deposit collagen in the extracellular matrix

28
Q

What do hepatocytes look like?

A

Cubical and approx 80% of mass

29
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Synthesise many things inc. albumin, clotting products/factors and bile salts
Drug metabolsim

30
Q

Where do hepatocytes receive nutrients and building blocks from?

A

Sinusoid

31
Q

What do cholangiocytes do?

A

Secrete bicarb and water to form bile

32
Q

What do peroxizomes do?

A

Key roles in detoxification, waste management, cholesterol and bile synthesis

33
Q

What structures are found in hepatocytes?

A 
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Rough ER
Mitochondria
Smooth ER
Cytoplasmic enzymes
Glycogen
Lysozomes
Peroxizomes

Y1 Alimentary (21 decks)

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