Nutrition

Question 1

What does autotrophic mean?

Answer 1

Anautotrophorproducer, is an organism that produces complexorganic compounds(such ascarbohydrates,fats, andproteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings

Question 2

What is a Phototroph?

Answer 2

organismsthat carry out photon capture to acquire energy. They use theenergyfromlightto carry out various cellular metabolic processes.

Question 3

Chemoautotrophic?

Answer 3

Chemoautotrophs(or chemotrophic autotroph) (Greek: Chemo (χημία) = chemical, auto (αὐτός) = self, troph (τροφιά) = nourishment), in addition to deriving energy fromchemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds fromcarbon dioxide.

Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources such ashydrogen sulfide, elementalsulfur,ferrous iron, molecularhydrogen, andammonia.

Most chemoautotrophs areextremophiles,bacteriaorarchaeathat live in hostile environments (such asdeep sea vents) and are theprimary producersin suchecosystems.

Question 4

What is a heterotroph

Answer 4

anorganismthat cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.

Question 5

Can heterotrophic organisms also be chemotrophic and phototrophic?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

Saprotrophic/ Saprobiotic?

Answer 6

Saprotrophicnutrition /sæprəˈtrɒfɪk, -proʊ-/ or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.

Question 7

Holozoic?

Answer 7

Holozoicnutrition (Greek: holo-whole ; zoikos-of animals) is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that is characterized by the internalization (ingestion) and internal processing of gaseous, liquid or solid food particles.

Question 8

Parasitic?

Answer 8

Parasiticnutrition is a mode of heterotrophicnutrition where aparasiticorganism lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism (a host) and gets nutrition directly from the body of the host.

Question 9

How are proteins broken down?

Answer 9

Proteases

Question 10

How are lipids broken down?

Answer 10

Lipases

Question 11

How are starches broken down?

Answer 11

Amylase

Question 12

What are proteins digested into?

Answer 12

Amino acids

Question 13

Lipids are broken down by lipases into?

Answer 13

Fatty acids

Question 14

Starches are broken down by amylase into?

Answer 14

Di-sacharrides

Question 15

What is ingestion?

Answer 15

Ingestion: In animals, this is merely takes place by engulfing the food totally in the mouth. In protozoa, this most commonly occurs throughphagocytosis.

Question 16

What is digestion?

Answer 16

Digestion: The physical breakdown of complex large and organic food particles and theenzymaticbreakdown of complex organic compounds into small, simple molecules.

Question 17

What is absorption?

Answer 17

Absorption: Theactiveandpassive transportof the chemical products of digestion out of the food-containing compartment and into the body or cytoplasm

Question 18

What adaptions have humans to make us able to eat plant materials?

Answer 18

Caecum – for breaking down cellulose by bacterial fermentation

Longer short intestine than in carnivores

Mixed teeth type.

Question 19

Ruminants and humans differ in our “fermentation” of cellulose…in what way?

Answer 19

Ruminants are foregut fermenters. We are hindgut. We have a ceacum in the long intestine. Ruminants have a specialised stomach for it.

Question 20

What is an ectoparasite?

Answer 20

Live ON the host

Question 21

What is an endoparasite?

Answer 21

Live IN the host

Question 22

What are strobilia ?

Answer 22

The neck of tania solium is followed by the flattened, ribbon-like body called strobila. The strobila forms the main bulk of the body and consists of a series of proglottids arranged in a linear fashion.

Question 23

Describe hydra digestion

Answer 23

The mouth (in the middle of the tentacles) is the only opening. The inner layer of cells is called the gastrodermis; the gastrodermis secretes digestive enzymes into the lumen of the gut. Digested food is absorbed by the gut wall. Undigested food is egested via the mouth

Question 24

Describe earthworm digestion

Answer 24

A tube-like gut with an opening at both ends; a mouth for ingestion and an anus for egestion. The gut has different regions

Question 25

Through which organs does food pass in humans for digestion

Answer 25

Oesophagus Stomach Small intestines Large Intestines

Question 26

Which organs create secretions for digestions

Answer 26

Liver Pancreas Stored in gall bladder

Question 27

How is food moved through the gut

Answer 27

Peristalsis

Question 28

What is mechanical digestion

Answer 28

Cutting or crushing of large pieces of food into smaller pieces to increase surface area

Question 29

What is chemical digestion

Answer 29

Break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

Question 30

How are fats digested

Answer 30

Bile emulsifies fats. increasing their surface area. Pancreatic lipase is secreted to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed.

Question 31

How are polypeptides digested

Answer 31

Pepsinogen secreted in gastric juice. Endopeptidases turn proteins into smaller polypeptides. Exopeptidases break down polypeptides in the duodenum into amino acids and absorbed in the ileum.

Question 32

How are polysaccharides digested

Answer 32

Salivary amylase secreted begins breakdown. Amylase denatured in the stomach in the acid. Pancreatic amylase secreted in the duodenum breaks polysaccharides into disaccharides. Maltase in the cell wall of epithelium cells breaks down maltose into glucose which is then absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 33

How are the small intestines adapted to absorption

Answer 33

They contain villi to increase surface area, and the epithelial cells have microvilli. They also have large numbers of mitochondria for active transport.

Question 34

How are the following absorbed into the gastric cells ``` Fatty acids Glycerol Vitamins Amino acids Monosaccharides ```

Answer 34

``` Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Active transport Active transport ```

Question 35

How are the following absorbed into the blood capillaries ``` Fatty acids Glycerol Vitamins Amino acids Monosaccharides ```

Answer 35

``` Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion ```

Question 36

How do herbivore and carnivore teeth differ

Answer 36

Herbivore jaws move laterally and carnivore jaws move vertically Herbivore teeth are flat for grounding, and carnivore teeth are sharp for ripping Herbivores have a diastema and carnivores have carnassials

Question 37

Describe ruminant digestion

Answer 37

Grass is eaten and swallowed, and digested by bacteria. Then its regurgitated and rechewed, then passed back to the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum before continuing to be digested in the intestines.

Question 38

How are tapeworms adapted to living in human gut

Answer 38

They have a thick cuticle outside to protect from the immune system, secrete antienzymes to denature enzymes, produce thousands of eggs, and attach to the inside of the small intestines

Question 39

How do tapeworms reproduce

Answer 39

They are hermaphroditic

Question 40

What type of parasite is a tapeworm

Answer 40

Endoparasite

Question 41

What type of parasite is a head louse

Answer 41

Ectoparadise