Nutrition

Question 1

Energy in glucose

Answer 1

4kcal/g

Question 2

Energy in proten

Answer 2

4kcal/g

Question 3

Energy in lipid

Answer 3

9kcal/g

Question 4

Vitamin A

Answer 4

Animal products eg. organ meats, yellow vegetables, leafy greens
Actions: transcription factor, vision, immune function (can be used in developing countries to reduces the morbidity and mortality of measles

Question 5

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 5

Dry, scaly hyperkeratotic patches on the arms, legs, shoulders and buttocks
Defective epithelial barriers
Eye lesions (>2 years)- reduced night vision, photophobia, xeropthalmia (keratinisation of the cornea), Bitot spots
Poor growth, diarrhoea, infection, anaemia, mental retardation, increased ICP

Can be due to protein deficiency or worsened by zinc deficiency

Question 6

B vitamin names

Answer 6

B1: thiamine
B2: riboflavin
B3: niacin
B6: pyridoxine
B9: folate
B2: cobalamin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid

Question 7

Thiamine (B1) intake and deficiency

Answer 7

Used as a cofactor for carbohydrate catabolism
Pork, fish, poultry, rice, oat, wheat, legumes
Good transfer in breast milk

Deficiency can develop in 2-3 months
Initially fatigue, apathy, irritability, poor concentration
Beriberi- peripheral neuritis, decreased deep tendon reflexes, loss of vibration sensation, heart failure, psychological disturbances (dry = neuritis, wet = cardiac), hoarsness/aphonia caused by laryngeal nerve paralysis
Wernicke encephalopathy uncommon in young children

Question 8

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency

Answer 8

Usually due to malnutrition/malabsorption

Glossitis, angular chelitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, seborrheic dermatitis

Question 9

Niacin (B3) deficiency

Answer 9

Pellagra - dermatitis (worse with sunlight, can be glove and stocking), sore tongue and lips, CNS symptoms (irritability, anxiety, apathy, depression, insomnia, delirium)

Question 10

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

Answer 10

Listlessness, irritability, seizures, vomiting, FTT

Question 11

Biotin deficiency

Answer 11

Periorificial dermatitis, conjunctivitis, thinning hair, alopecia
CNS- lethargy, hypotonia, seizures, ataxia

Question 12

Folate (B9) deficiency

Answer 12

Rice and cereals, beans, leafy vegetables
Megaloblastic anaemia, glossitis, listlessness, FTT
Microcephaly, developmental delay, cereballar ataxia, pyramidal tract signs, choreoathetosis, ballismus, seizures, blindness
Neural tube defects in maternal folate deficiency

Question 13

B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

Answer 13

Animal products
Megaloblastic anaemia, irritability, hypotonia, developmental delay/regression, hyperpigmentation of the knuckles and palms

Question 14

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 14

Scurvy
Loss of appetite, irritability, low-grade fever, MSK pain
Leg swelling at the knees and ankles and pseudoparalysis
Rachitic rosary
Gum hypertrophy/changes
Petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses
Anaemia from iron deficiency

Question 15

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 15

Severe, progressive neurological disorder (manifests > 12 months)
Cerebellar disease, posterior column dysfunction, retinal disease
First- loss of deep tendon reflexes, limb ataxia, truncal ataxia, ophthalmoplegia
Haemolysis in prem infants 2nd month of life

Question 16

Copper deficiency

Answer 16

Microcytic anaemia, OP, neutropenia, neurological symptoms, depigmentation of hair and skin

Question 17

Selenium deficiency

Answer 17

Cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease), myopathy

Question 18

Zinc deficiency

Answer 18

Poor growth, dermatitis of extremities and around orifices, immune deficiency, poor wound healing, hypogonadism, diarrhoea
Zinc supplementation improves chronic diarrhoea in developing countries

Question 19

Energy in standard formula

Answer 19

280kJ/100mL