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Excess Alimentary > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is malnutrition associated with

A 
Reduced mobility
Increased risk of falls
Infections
Confusion
Increased hospital admissions
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2
Q

What are the treatment options for malnutrition

A

Nutritional support
Referral to a dietician used for advice
Vitamin support
High energy food and drinks

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3
Q

At what point should support be considered for malnourished people

A

BMI < 18.5
Unintentional weight loss >10% in 3-6 months
BMI < 20 and unintentional weight loss >5% in 3-6 months

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4
Q

What scores/flowcharts are used to identify those with malnutrition

A

Calculating BMI
Assessing special diets/reduced appetite/supplements
GI symptoms (pain/diarrhoea/ constipation)
History of diabetes
Functional impairment (exercise tolerance/lethargy/daily activities)

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5
Q

What is refeeding syndrome

A

Refeeding syndrome is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occurs when nutritional support is reinstated in severely malnourished/starved patients

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of refeeding syndrome

A 
Hypokalaemia
hypomagnesaemia
Hypophosphataemia
thiamine deficiency 
salt and water retention
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7
Q

How can fasting lead to fatality

A

Fasting will use up energy and electrolyte stores
Refeeding will lead to an increase in insulin to prevent a spike in glucose
Insulin leads to a greater uptake of PO4-, K+ and Mg2+
This causes further depletion of these ions
Which can cause arrythmias, cardiac failure, confusion, convulsions, coma and fatality

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8
Q

What is monitored during the treatment for refeeding syndrome

A

Urea / electrolytes
Bone profile (calcium and phosphate)
Magnesium levels daily

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9
Q

What additional measures are taken during refeeding syndrome

A

Parenteral feeding, nasogastric feeds, nil by mouth

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10
Q

What is enteral and parenteral feeding

A

Enteral feeding = via GI tract

Parenteral = bypasses GI tract e.g. through the blood

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11
Q

What is the difference between patients that require enteral feeding and parenteral feeding

A

Enteral nutrition is for patients with upper GI problems and parenteral feeding is used when the patients GI tract is unable to digest, absorb or excrete appropriately

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12
Q

Benefits of enteral feeding over parenteral feeding

A

Enteral only requires basic feeding
Enteral feeding maintains the internal structure and function of the GI tract
Much cheaper than parenteral feeding

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13
Q

Complications of enteral and parenteral feeding

A

Enteral (low risk):

  • Nausea
  • Vomition
  • Aspiration

Parenteral (high risk):

  • Blood clots
  • Infection
  • Liver failure
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14
Q

What is a tracheotomy

A

An incision made in the trachea to enable breathing

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15
Q

What is short bowel syndrome

A

When a patient undergoes significant removal of the bowel which leaves less than 100cm of functional intestinal tract

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16
Q

Consequences of SBS

A

Dehydration
Malnutrition
Malabsorption

17
Q

Management of SBS

A

To provide adequate nutrition for patients
To ensure adequate water and electrolytes to maintain homeostasis
Correction and prevention of acid base imbalance

18
Q

What is healthy eating

A

In developing countries it is nutritional security

In developed countries it is limiting the development of chronic diseases

19
Q

What are the energy sources used for different types of exercise

A

Anaerobic:

  • Glycogen to ATP by glycolysis
  • Phosphocreatine lasts for 20 seconds of maximum activity
  • Lactic acid is produced as a byproduct

Aerobic:

  • Low intensity - fat is the preferred substrate
  • High intensity - CHO is the preferred substrate
20
Q

Define muscle anabolism

A

Balancing the breakdown and synthesis of muscle proteins can affect muscle mass

21
Q

Why are cancer patients often malnourished

A

Iatrogenic - decreased food intake
Chemotherapy - fatigue/nausea/vomiting
Poor symptom control - loss of appetite
Increased metabolic rate in cancer patients

22
Q

What is cancer cachexia

A

A metabolic response due to the presence of a tumour resulting in catabolic action

23
Q

What are the three routes of ethanol metabolism

A

Ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> acetate
Ethanol -> acetaldehyde via CYP2E1
Ethanol -> acetaldehyde via NAD+

24
Q

Effects of alcohol

A 
Alcoholic addiction (alcoholsim)
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)
Alcohol misuse (problem drinking)
25
Q

Physical effects of alcohol

A 
CNS - Wernickes encephalopathy
CVS - Hypertension
GIT - Oesophagitis
GUT - Glomerulonephritis
Endocrine &amp; reproduction
26
Q

Physiological effects of alcohol

A

Drug addiction and mental illness

Excess Alimentary (3 decks)

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