Nutrition

Question 1

Vitamin A

Answer 1

Found: In brightly colored vegetables, especially carrots, peppers, and tomatoes.

Function: maintain normal function of the eyes, skin, operates in the visual conductive system as part of rods and cones

Deficiency: reduced integrity of epithelial tissues, keratotic skin changes giving dry scaly patches on the skin, cloudiness of the cornea (xeropthalmia, and conjunctiva (Bitot spots)

slows adaptation to the dark

Hypervitaminosis A: intracranial pressure,
cheilitis, hyperostosis

Question 2

Vitamin D

Answer 2

-Fat soluble

Deficiency: Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)

Signs and Symptoms: Kyphoscoliosis, craniotabes (soft skull), costochondral swelling “rachitic rosary”

Question 3

Which Vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 3

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K

Question 4

Which vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 4

Vitamin B (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, cobalamin), and Vitamin C

Question 5

Vitamin E

Answer 5

Where is it found? - wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, nut oils, leafy greens

Overdose: interfere with Vitamin K - bleeding issues!

Deficiency: neurological deficits (loss of sensation, wide truncal ataxia - uncontrolled movements), hemolysis thrombocytosis, edema

Function: antioxidant, stabilizes cellular membranes,

Question 6

Vitamin K

Answer 6

Food sources: bacteria in our guts, leafy greens, kale, spinach, collard greens and swiss chard

Function: important for normal blood clotting

Question 7

Iron (Fe)

Answer 7

Sources: meat, seafood (heme iron)
fortified cereals, nuts, beans, dark chocolate, vegetables (non heme, so less readily absorbed)

Deficiency: (hypochromic microcytic anemia) fatigue, weakness, tachycardia, SOB, brittle nails, pica

Iron Poisoning: Liver malfunction, metabolic acidosis, jaundice, hypoglycemia, coagulopathy

Question 8

Iodine

Answer 8

Deficiency: goiterous primary hypothyroidism (iodine is component of thyroid hormone)

Food sources: iodized salt, backed potatoes, milk, seafood, cranberries, yogurt

Question 9

Magnesium

Answer 9

Deficiency: hypokalemia and hypocalcemia. QT prolongation -> Torsades de Pointes

Causes of deficiency: alcoholics as they lack B1, diurectics

Sources: nuts (especially almonds), spinach, beans, edemame, shredded wheat cereal, soy milk, peanut butter

Question 10

Zinc

Answer 10

-Strong antioxidant, important for immunity and testosterone production

Signs and symptoms: leukonychia, dermatitis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis

Question 11

Copper

Answer 11

Function: collagen development and nerve functioning

Deficiency: hypochromic microcytic anemia, also: weakness, neuropathy and osteoporosis. Zinc excess (zinc and copper compete)

Too much copper: Wilson’s disease ->liver disease and neuropsychiatric. Kayser-Fleischer rings

Question 12

Molybdenum

Answer 12

Deficiency: (rare) intellectual disability, seizures, opisthotonus, and lens dislocation

Question 13

Cobalt

Answer 13

Deficiency: part of B12 (cobalamin) necessary for the synthesis of blood cells. Tingling in hands and feet, difficulty walking, dementia

Question 14

BMI scale

Answer 14

Obese >= 30
Overweight = 25-30
Normal = 18.5-25
Underweight =< 18.5

Question 15

Undernutrition

Answer 15

inadequate consumption of macronutrients

Question 16

Wasting

Answer 16

Low weight for age

Question 17

Stunting

Answer 17

Low height for age

Question 18

Folic Acid (Folate)

Answer 18

Vitamin B9

Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia

Question 19

Protein- Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Answer 19

marasmus and kwashiokor

Question 20

Marasmus

Answer 20

60% of normal weight

Signs: wrinkling skin, simian facies, appears dehydrated

Question 21

Kwashiokor

Answer 21

edema, moon facies, hepatomegaly, dermatitis

Question 22

Vitamin C

Answer 22

Deficiency: scurvy - bleeding gums, hemorrhaging of blood vessels

Question 23

Refeeding syndrome

Answer 23

after being starved, if given a big meal cells absorb too much phosphate which can cause hypophosphatemia and lead to necrosis of tissues.

Question 24

Obesity rate in America

Answer 24

• Affect blacks and Mexican-Americans

- 65% of Americans are overweight or obese

Question 25

Failure to Thrive

Answer 25

failure to grow at the expected rate given the child’s age

Question 26

Types of Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Answer 26

1. Inadequate caloric intake
2. Inadequate absorption
3. Increased metabolism
4. Defective utilization

Question 27

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Answer 27

Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to a reduction in healthy red blood cells (anemia) and RBC’s are LARGE (megaloblastic). The nervous system also may be affected (eg. tingling in hands and feet).

Symptoms: fatigue, breathlessness, numbness, poor balance, and memory trouble.

More likely to come from not eating meat

Question 28

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Answer 28

Deficiency - pellagra (*corn): large red tongue, rash in sun exposed areas, diarrhea, dementia

Toxicity: flushing, liver damage (rare)

Treatment: for high cholesterol

Question 29

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Answer 29

Deficiency - megaloblastic anemia (RBC’s are big)

Function: needed in first 3 months of pregnancy to prevent cleft lip and spina bifida.

more likely from a lack of fresh plant foods

Question 30

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Answer 30

Deficiency - Beriberi (poor diet or alcoholism)
Dry beriberi: degeneration of long nerves, first in legs then arms with muscle atrophy
Wet beriberi: more acute, gives edema

. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome classically presents with the clinical triad of confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus. confabulation

Function: nerve and heart function

Question 31

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Answer 31

Deficiency: itchy eyes and mucous membranes, Chelitis

Function: mucus membrane integrity

Question 32

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Answer 32

Function: nerve health

Deficiency: seizure, rash, red tongue, anemia
Toxicity: numbness, difficulty walking