Nutrition

Question 1

Causes of malnutrition

Answer 1

Altered taste/smell
Nausea/vomiting
Diarrhea/malabsorption
Poor food availability/quality
Alcoholism

Question 2

How does acute and chronic alcohol intake cause malnutrition

Answer 2

Decreasing calorie intake
Interfering with nutrient digestion and absorption
Reduce protein synthesis and secretion
Causing breakdown of gut proteins
Increasing excretion of nutrients

Question 3

What are the physical exam findings of malnutrition

Answer 3

Weight loss
Low BMI
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Loss of muscle mass
Reduced handgrip strength

Question 4

What is another name for Vitamin A

Answer 4

Retinol

Question 5

What are dietary sources of Vitamin A

Answer 5

Liver, fish, eggs, milk

Question 6

What are Carotenoids

Answer 6

Beta Carotene

Question 7

Where are carotenoids found

Answer 7

Yellow and leafy greens

Question 8

What are signs of a Retinol deficiency

Answer 8

Night blindness
Xerosis (eye dryness)
Corneal ulceration and blindness
Perifollicular hyperkeratosis
Immune deficiency

Question 9

What are effects of acute toxicity of Vitamin A

Answer 9

Headache, vomiting, stupor, death

Question 10

What are the effects of chronic Retinol toxicity

Answer 10

Weight loss, vomiting, dry lips

* bone and join pain, predisposing to fractures

Question 11

What is something to tell a pregnant woman with too much Retinol

Answer 11

Accutane is contraindicated during pregnancy

Question 12

What is carotinemia

Answer 12

Excessive vitamin A precursors from eating too many carrots or squash or other green leafy vegetables

Question 13

Symptoms of carotenemia

Answer 13

yellow-orange colored skin (mostly on palms and soles)

Question 14

Vitamin D sources

Answer 14

Endogenous synthesis from UVB radiation

Diet - dairy products

Question 15

Causes of Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 15

Diets deficient in calcium and vitamin D, limited exposure to sunlight
Women heavily veiled
In children born to mothers who have frequent pregnancies followed by lactation

Question 16

Signs/symptoms of vitamin D deficiency

Answer 16

Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults
Bone pain and tenderness
Weakness of proximal muscles
Hypocalcemia

Question 17

Vitamin C function

Answer 17

Antioxidant and formation of collagen

Hydroxylation of procollagen

Question 18

Deficiency of Vitamin C disease

Answer 18

scurvy

Question 19

What is scurvy characterized by

Answer 19

bone disease in growing children and hemorrhages and healing defects in both children and adults

Question 20

who are at risk for scurvy?

Answer 20

Elderly who live alone, alcoholics, infants fed exclusively processed milk

Question 21

Sources of Vitamin C

Answer 21

Fruits and veggies

Question 22

Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 22

Weakness, easy fatigue
Aching bones, joints, muscles, 
Acne
Defects of hairs on body
Easy bruising 
Loss of teeth

Question 23

What are the B-complex Vitamins

Answer 23

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B12 and Folate

Question 24

What are the water soluble vitamins

Answer 24

The B complex plus vitamin C

Question 25

What are all the B complex vitamins used for

Answer 25

Coenzymes, needs are tied to energy intake

Question 26

What is Vitamin B1 also known as

Answer 26

Thiamin

Question 27

What are symptoms of being Thiamin deficient

Answer 27

``` B1 - Dry beriberi Wet Beriberi High output heart failure with tachycardia Elevated peripheral venous pressure Edema Peripheral neuropathy Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ```

Question 28

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom

Answer 28

A severe mental disturbance caused by thiamin deficiency and often associated with alcoholism

Question 29

Wernicke encepaholapthy

Answer 29

Results from acute thiamine deficiency and generally reversible with large doses of Thiamine

Question 30

Korsakoff phsychosis

Answer 30

permanet brain damage unaffected by Thiamine supplementation. Loss of memory for distant events and inability to form new memories

Question 31

Another name for Vitamin B3

Answer 31

Niacin

Question 32

What are sources of Niacin

Answer 32

Grain, legumes, seed oils

Question 33

Is there Niacin in corn?

Answer 33

Yes, but not the absorbable kind

Question 34

What can vitamin B3 be created from in the body?

Answer 34

Tryptophan

Question 35

Deficiency in Vitamin B3 results in what

Answer 35

3 D's | Dermatitis, Dimentia (due to atrophy of neurons in brain), Diarrhea

Question 36

Riboflavin is aka

Answer 36

Vitamin B2

Question 37

What are sources of Riboflavin?

Answer 37

meat, dairy, vegetables

Question 38

A deficiency in Vitamin B2 results in what?

Answer 38

cheliosis, chelitis (cracks and fissures at angles of mouth) Glossitis Corneal opacities and ulcerations dermatitis

Question 39

Pyridoxine is aka

Answer 39

Vitamin B6

Question 40

Vitamin B6 Deficiency is common in what pop

Answer 40

alcoholics, v rare in general pop

Question 41

Signs of Pyridoxine deficiency

Answer 41

peripheral neuropathy, cheilitis, glossitis, dermatitis

Question 42

What is megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 42

Anemia with abnormally large RBCs due to an impairment of DNA synthesis that leads to ineffective hematopoeisis and abnormally large erythroid precursors and red cells

Question 43

What are the 2 principal types of megaloblastic anemia

Answer 43

``` Pernicious anemia (vit B12 def) Folate deficiency ```

Question 44

Vitamin B12 aka

Answer 44

Cobalamin

Question 45

Whats the most prominent feature of being cobalamin deficient?

Answer 45

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 46

What are causes for deficiency of cobalamin?

Answer 46

``` Inadequate intake (vegetarian) Impaired absorption Intrinsic absorption gastrectomy tapeworm ```

Question 47

what are some symptoms of cobalamin deficiency?

Answer 47

Pernicious anemia - caused by autoimmune gastritis that impairs prod of intrinsic factor required for B12 uptake form gut

Question 48

What are some other signs of B12 deficiency?

Answer 48

Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, distal sensory neurotpathy

Question 49

What are some sources of folate?

Answer 49

whole wheat flour beans green leafy veggies

Question 50

Deficiency of folate is due to

Answer 50

Inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased losses

Question 51

Deficiency in folate results in symptoms indistinguishable from what other vitamin deficiency

Answer 51

B12

Question 52

Iron deficiency symptoms

Answer 52

pallor, increasing fatigue, exertional dyspnea, tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, spoon shaped nails

Question 53

Sources of Iron

Answer 53

Meats (heme iron) | Fortified flour, grains