Nutrition

Question 1

What nutrients are generally absorbed in the stomach (4)

Answer 1

Water 
Alcohol 
Copper 
Iodide 
Fluoride

Question 2

What nutrients and minerals are absorbed in the duodenum?

Answer 2

calcium 
phosphorus 
magnesium 
iron 
selenium 
niacin 
Folate 
biotin 
Fat soluble vitamins

Question 3

What is absorbed in the first 1/3 of the jejunum?

Answer 3

Lipids
monosaccarides
amino acids
small peptides

Question 4

What is absorbed in the second 1/3 of jejunum

Answer 4

Thiamine 
Riboflavin 
Niacin 
Folate 
vitamin B6 
Vitamin C 
Fat soluble vitamins 
calcium 
phosphorus 
iron 
magnesium 
zinc 
chromium 
manganese

Question 5

What is absorbed in the final 1/3 of the jejunum?

Answer 5

Lipids
monosaccharides
amino acids
small peptides

Question 6

What is absorbed in the ileum?

Answer 6

Vitamin C 
Folate 
Vitamin B12 
Vitamin D 
Vitamkin K 
Magnesium

Question 7

What is absorved in the terminal portion of the ileum?

Answer 7

Bile salts and acids

Question 8

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

Answer 8

Water 
Vitamin K 
Biotin 
Sodium 
Chloride 
Potassium 
Short chain fatty acids

Question 9

What is the WHO definition of malnutrition?

Answer 9

Bad nourishment incluiding an inadequate or excess intake with frequent infection and disorders resulting because of the diet

Question 10

What is the result of protein-energy malnutrition?

Answer 10

Severe loss of lean and fat mass due to calorie and protein deficiency

Question 11

What are two forms of protein-energy malnutrition?

Answer 11

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor

Question 12

What is marasmus?

Answer 12

Muscle wasting with a skeletal appearance and loss of fat and muscle resulting in listless behavior

Question 13

What is kwashiorhor?

Answer 13

Protein deficiency leading to pot belly edema

Malnutrition
Edema (hypoalbuminemia)
Anemia
Liver (fatty)

Question 14

What is a result of deficiency in vitamin A ?

Answer 14

Night blindness and xerophthalmia

Question 15

What is the result of deficiency in vitamin D?

Answer 15

Rickets and osteomalacia

Question 16

What is the result of deficiency in vitamin E?

Answer 16

Posterior column and spinocerebellar demyelination (ataxia, dysarthria, peripheral neuropathy)

Question 17

What is the result of deficiency in vitamin K?

Answer 17

bleeding, prolonged PT/INR because of the role in coagulation cascade

Question 18

What is the pathway of vitamin D synthesis?

Answer 18

Cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol –> 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver –> 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (Calcitriol) into circulation

Question 19

What portion of the GI tract is removed in a roux-en Y procedure?

Answer 19

Majority of stomach, duodenum and proximal portion of the jejunum

Question 20

What is the result of a deficiency in thiamine ?

Answer 20

Lactic acidosis
Dry/wet beri-beri
Wernicke’s and Korsakoff’s encephalopathy

Question 21

What vitamin is thiamine?

Answer 21

vitamin B1

Question 22

What is a deficiency in niacin?

Answer 22

Pellagra - Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death (4D’s)

Question 23

What vitamin is niacin?

Answer 23

Vitamin B3

Question 24

What is the result of a deficiency in folate?

Answer 24

neural tube defects

Question 25

What vitamin is folate?

Answer 25

B9

Question 26

What is the result of a deficiency in cobalamin?

Answer 26

macrocytic megaloblastic anemia

Question 27

What vitamin is cobalamin?

Answer 27

B12

Question 28

What is the result of a deficiency in vitamin C?

Answer 28

Scurvy

Question 29

What is the result of a deficiency in riboflavin?

Answer 29

Cheilosis, glossitis

Question 30

What vitamin is riboflavin?

Answer 30

B2

Question 31

What vitamin is B5?

Answer 31

pantothenate

Question 32

What is the result in a deficincy of pyridoxine?

Answer 32

Convulsions, peripheral neuropathy, isoniazid

Question 33

What vitamin is pyridoxine?

Answer 33

B6

Question 34

What is the result in a deficiency of biotin?

Answer 34

Dermatitis and alopecia

Question 35

What vitamin is biotin?

Answer 35

B7

Question 36

What is the result of a deficiency in Zinc?

Answer 36

deficiency can be due to diarrhea and result in rash, dysgeusia, and anorexia

Question 37

What is the result of a deficiency in copper?

Answer 37

Microcytic anemia and neutropenia

Question 38

What is the result in a deficiency in selenium?

Answer 38

Cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle myopathy

Question 39

What is the difference between wernicke and korsafoff syndromes?

Answer 39

both are deficinency in B1 | Wericke is a acute, emergency where as korsafoff syndrome is a chronic syndrome

Question 40

What is the presentation of wernicke encephalopathy?

Answer 40

Acute nystagmus, opthalmoplegia, and ataxia along with confusion

Question 41

What is the treatment of wernicke encephalopathy?

Answer 41

give thiamine first, then dextrose to alcoholics to prevent WE

Question 42

What is the presentation of korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 42

imparied short term memory loss and confabulation

Question 43

What is the difference between wet and dry Beriberi?

Answer 43

Dry beri beri is a symmetrical neuropathy with sensory and motor impairments where wet includes cardiac involvement

Question 44

What is pellagra?

Answer 44

Niacin deficiency with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

Question 45

In what deficiency is hypersegmented neutrophils seen?

Answer 45

B12 deficiency

Question 46

What allows for the the absorption of B12 in the terminal ileum?

Answer 46

Intrinsic factor

Question 47

What liberates B12 from proteins in the stomach?

Answer 47

R factors which are cobalamin binding proteins

Question 48

What are the causes of B12 deficiency?

Answer 48

Malabsorption (celiac and liver fluke) Lack of intrinsic factor Defective or absent terminal ileum

Question 49

What is the schilling test used for?

Answer 49

To determine if a patient has pernicious anemia, however it is performed infrequently due to a lack of radio-labeled cobalt

Question 50

What is the result of iron deficiency?

Answer 50

micocytic anemia and pica syndrome (craving ice, dirt, and clay)

Question 51

What is the result of calcium deficiency?

Answer 51

Osteoporosis, tetany, and memory loss

Question 52

What is the result of phosphorus deficiency?

Answer 52

Osteoporosis, rickets, bone pain and poor appetite