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DEMS > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How many calories should a person consume?

A

25-35 kcal/kg/day

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2
Q

How can we estimate how much protein is being broken down?

A

Measure urinary nitrogen over 24 hours. Multiply number of grams of urinary N by 6.25 to get number of grams of protein that were catabolized.

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3
Q

What is an average protein requirement for sick patients?

A

0.8-1g protein/kg body weight/day

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4
Q

What is the BMI range for acceptable weight?

A

19-26

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5
Q

What is the most frequent cause of death in patients with anorexia nervosa?

A

Suicide

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6
Q

What is the average age of death in patients with anorexia nervosa

A

34 YO

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7
Q

Is low novelty seeking is a temperament of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?

A

Anorexia

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8
Q

Is higher novelty seeking is a temperament of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?

A

Bulimia

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9
Q

Which vitamins usually have stores in body; fat or water soluble?

A

Fat soluble (and Vit B12)

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10
Q

Which vitamins have high toxicity; fat or water soluble?

A

Fat soluble

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11
Q

What are the biochemical functions and major physiologic metabolic roles of Vitamin A?

A

Essential in photochemical basis of vision. Maintenance of conjunctival membranes and cornea. Critical for epithelial cellular differentiation and proliferation.

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12
Q

What are the biochemical functions and major physiologic metabolic roles of Vitamin D?

A

Maintains intra and extracellular Ca. Stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca and P, renal reabsorption of Ca and P, and mobilization of Ca and P from bone. Innate immune function.

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13
Q

What are the biochemical functions and major physiologic metabolic roles of Vitamin K?

A

Coagulation (cofactor for prothrombin, VII, IX, X)

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14
Q

What are the major dietary sources of Vitamin A?

A 
Preformed VitA (retinol/retinal): liver, dairy products, egg yolks, fish oil.
Precursor (carotenoids): orange and green veggies
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15
Q

What are the major dietary sources of Vitamin D?

A

Precursor dehydrocholesterol in skin is converted to cholecalciferol (VitD3) by UV light. Dietary sources: fish oil, egg yolks, D2 ergocalciferol from algae

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16
Q

What are the major dietary sources of Vitamin K?

A

Leafy veggies, fruits, seeds, synthesized by intestinal bacteria

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17
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings for Vitamin A?

A

Night blindness, xeropthalmia, Bitot’s spots on sclera. Immune deficiency.

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18
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings for Vitamin D?

A

Rickets. Low serum Ca and P. High alk phos.

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19
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings for Vitamin K?

A

Hemorrage. Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

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20
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings for Vitamin E?

A

Neurologic degeneration with loss of reflexes, spinocerebellar ataxia, and normocytic hemolytic anemia.

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21
Q

What are the lab findings of deficiency and insufficiency of Vitamin D?

A

25OH-D

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22
Q

What are signs of Vitamin A toxicity?

A

Liver damage

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23
Q

What are the biochemical functions and major physiologic metabolic roles of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant. Cell membrane stabilizer.

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24
Q

What are the major dietary sources of Vitamin E?

A

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils. Wheat germ. Whole grains.

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25
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with anemia?

A

Vitamin E and K

26
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with rash/skin findings?

A

Vitamin A and K

27
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with neuro symptoms?

28
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with mouth lesions?

29
Q

Which water soluble vitamin has a risk of toxicity?

30
Q

Which water soluble vitamin is not excreted in breast milk?

31
Q

What is the biochemical function of thiamine?

A

Cell metabolism and nerve conduction.

32
Q

What is the biochemical function of riboflavin?

A

Redox reactions in TCA and oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolism of amino acids, FAs, VitK, folate, and niacin.

33
Q

What is the biochemical function of niacin?

A

Role in energy-related pathways.

34
Q

What is the biochemical function of folate?

A

1-carbon transfers esp in synthesis of nucleic acids adn for metabolism of certain AAs. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Methyl-donor (epigenetics).

35
Q

What is the biochemical function of Vit B12 (cobalamin)?

A

1-carbon transfers. Methylation. Metabolism of odd chain length FAs.

36
Q

What is the biochemical function of Vit C?

A

Antioxidant, collagen synthesis,

37
Q

What are the major dietary sources of thiamine?

A

Whole grains, enriched grains, lean pork, legumes.

38
Q

What are the major dietary sources of Vit B12?

A

Animal products only. Absorbed with cobalamin in distal ileum.

39
Q

What are the major dietary sources of Vit C?

A

Fruits veggies and potatoes

40
Q

What are the major dietary sources of folate?

A

Deep green leaves, broccoli, OJ, whole grains

41
Q

What are the major dietary sources of niacin?

A

Meats, poultry, fish, peanut butter, legumes (preformed niacin). Tryptophan (precursor) from milk and eggs.

42
Q

What are the major dietary sources of riboflavin?

A

Liver, wheat germ, dairy, meats and poultry, leafy greens.

43
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings of thiamine?

A

Beriberi
Dry (paralytic/nervous) Beriberi: Peripheral neuropathy with impairment of sensory, motor, and reflex functions. Foot drop.
Wet (cardiac) Beriberi: Edema and high output cardiac failure.
Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome (cerebral): “Triad” - ocular signs, ataxia, and amnesia/confusion.

44
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings of riboflavin?

A

Oral-ocular-genital syndrome - cheilosis and angular stomatitis. Increased vascularization of conjunctiva. Scrotal dermatitis.

45
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings of niacin?

A

Pellagra - 4 “Ds”: Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea, Death.

46
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings of Vit B12?

A

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, neurologic disturbances (may be irreversible).

47
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings of folate?

A

Macrocytic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, increased homocystine, neural tube defects

48
Q

What are the characteristic deficiency findings of Vit C?

A

Scurvy, petechiae, bleeding gums, anemia, bruising, painful joints, tooth loss.

49
Q

Which water soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with anemia?

A

Folate, VitB12, VitB6, Vit

50
Q

Which water soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with rash/skin findings?

A

Niacin, VitC

51
Q

Which water soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with mouth lesions?

A

Riboflavin, folate, VitB12, VitB6, VitC

52
Q

Which water soluble vitamin(s) deficiency presents with neuro symptoms?

A

Thiamin, VitB12, VitB6, VitC

53
Q

What is the physiologic function of iron?

A

Oxygen transport in blood and muscle. Electron transfer enzymes (cytochromes).

54
Q

What is the physiologic function of zinc?

A

Regulation of gene expression, membrane stability, critical during growth and cellular/tissue proliferation, immune function.

55
Q

What are the dietary sources of iron and zinc?

A

Iron: Cellular animal protein, legumes, nuts, whole grains
Zinc: Animal products.

56
Q

What factors affect the bioavailability of iron and zinc?

A

Iron: Absorption ~40% for heme iron, 10% for non-heme iron. Phytates inhibit absorption. Fe deficiency increases absorption.
Zinc: Phytates inhibit absorption. Absorption not increased by deficiency. 25-30%.

57
Q

What are the consequences of iron deficiency?

A

Most common deficiency. Microcytic hypochromic anemia, fatigue, impaired cognitive function.

58
Q

What are the consequences of zinc deficiency?

A

Growth delays/stunting, anorexia, impaired immunity, diarrhea, personality changes, acrodermatitis enteropathica (fatal if not treated, horrible rash)

59
Q

Compare the toxicity potentials of iron and zinc.

A

Iron toxicity has bad consequences and higher toxicity compared to zinc.

60
Q

Describe the homeostasis of iron.

A

Bleeding is the major route of iron loss. Stores are in liver, marrow and spleen. Transported as transferrin and stored as ferritin or hemosiderin.

DEMS (4 decks)

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