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DEMS > Amino Acids > Flashcards

Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Tryptophan

A

Aromatic

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2
Q

Leucine

A

Branched

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3
Q

Isoleucine

A

Branched

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4
Q

Which two amino acids are ketogenic?

A

Leucine and lysine

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5
Q

Which four amino acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic?

A

Tyrosine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.

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6
Q

What are the two intracellular pathways for protein degradation?

A
  1. Ubiquination and degradation in the proteasome

2. Degradation in lysosomes

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7
Q

What are the two nitrogen sources that enter the urea cycle?

A

Free ammonia from breakdown of an amino acid and from aspartate.

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8
Q

Which amino acid produces NO?

A

Arginine

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9
Q

Which AAs contain sulfur?

A

Cysteine and methionine

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10
Q

SAM is a precursor for what?

A

Homocysteine

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11
Q

Which amino acids are aromatic?

A

Tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine

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12
Q

What is the Keq of transamination reactions?

A

1 - concentration dependent

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13
Q

ALT catalyzes which reaction?

A

Alanine + alphaketoglutarate -> pyruvate + glutamate

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14
Q

AST catalyzes which reaction?

A

Aspartate + alphaketoglutarate -> OAA + glutamate

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15
Q

What is PLP’s role in transamination?

A

Coenzyme to aminotransferases. Holds the N nearby.

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16
Q

PLP is a derivative of what?

A

Vit B6

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17
Q

Write out the overall reaction of the urea cycle

A

3ATP+HCO3+NH4+aspartate -> 2ADP+AMP+2Pi+PPi+fumarate+urea

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18
Q

What stimulates glutamate dehydrogenase and what inhibits it?

A

(+) ADP and GDP

(-) ATP and GTP

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19
Q

Write out the overall reaction of the urea cycle

A

3ATP+HCO3+NH4+aspartate -> 2ADP+AMP+2Pi+PPi+fumarate+urea

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20
Q

Which disease is associated with a deficiency in alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase complex?

A

MSUD

21
Q

Which enzyme decarboxylates branched chain AAs?

A

alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase complex

22
Q

Which disease is associated with a deficiency in alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase complex?

A

MSUD

23
Q

Tryptophan metabolism results in the formation of what?

A

Niacin, serotonin, melotonin

24
Q

Phenylalanine metabolism results in the formation of what?

A

Tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, melanin, NE, and epi

25
Q

Glycine metabolism results in the formation of what?

A

Porphyrin and heme

26
Q

Glutamate metabolism results in the formation of what?

A

GABA and glutathione

27
Q

Arginine metabolism results in the formation of what?

A

NO, creatine phosphate, and urea

28
Q

What can cysteine do?

A

Form disulfide bridges that change protein conformation

29
Q

How can ammonia be transported to the liver for urea cycle?

A

Glutamine synthase can convert glutamate to glutamine to be transported to the liver.

30
Q

What does muscle use to transport nitrogen?

A

Alanine instead of glutamine - due to buildup of pyruvate in muscle which can be converted to alanine with ALT

31
Q

Which amino acid is associated with GSH?

A

Cysteine

32
Q

SAM is a breakdown product of which AA?

A

Methionine

33
Q

What are the starting and ending points of purine biosynthesis?

A

Ribose 5P -> IMP

34
Q

What are the two key steps of purine biosynthesis?

A

PRPP synthetase and GPPA (glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate aminotransferase)

35
Q

What are the activators and inhibitors of PRPP synthetase?

A

(+) Pi

-) purines, AMP, GMP, IMP (end-product inhibition

36
Q

What are the activators and inhibitors of GPPA?

A

(+) PRPP

(-) AMP, GMP, IMP

37
Q

What are the sources of atoms for purine synthesis?

A

Glutamine, glycine, aspartate, THF, CO2

38
Q

What are the starting and ending points of pyrimidine synthesis?

A

2ATP + CO2 + glutamine -> UMP

39
Q

What is the key enzymatic step of pyrimidine synthesis?

A

CPS II

40
Q

What are the activators and inhibitors of CPS II?

A

(+) ATP, PRPP

(-) UTP

41
Q

What are the sources of atoms for pyrimidine synthesis?

A

CO2, glutamine, aspartate, ribose sugar added last

42
Q

What is a major difference between pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis?

A

In purine synthesis, the base is built onto the sugar. In pyrimidine synthesis, the complete base is added onto the sugar at the end.

43
Q

Which enzyme converts RNA to DNA?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

44
Q

What is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase?

A

dATP

45
Q

On which phosphate form does ribonucleotide reductase act on exclusively?

A

Di-phosphate form

46
Q

What does thymine break down to?

A

Succinyl-CoA

47
Q

What does cytosine break down to?

A

Malonyl-CoA

48
Q

What does uracil break down to?

A

Acetyl-Coa

DEMS (4 decks)

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