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Proteins > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Small organics used as coenzymes

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2
Q

How much vitamins are required?

A

µg to mg

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3
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements

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4
Q

How much minerals are required?

A

µg to g

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5
Q

What percentage of the population are satisfied by the RNI?

A

97.5

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6
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B1-B12, Vitamin C

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7
Q

What is Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

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8
Q

What is B2?

A

Riboflavin

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9
Q

What is B3?

A

Niacin

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10
Q

What is B5?

A

Panthothenic Acid

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11
Q

What is biotin?

A

B7

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12
Q

What is Pyridoxine?

A

B6

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13
Q

What is B12?

A

Cobabulim

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14
Q

What is B9?

A

Folic Acid

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15
Q

What is thiamin used for?

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate in pyruvate decarboxylase and α-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What does B1 deficiency cause?

A

Beri Beri disease

Muscle weakness, nerve damage and heart failure

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17
Q

What is riboflavin used for?

A

FAD/FMN cofactors

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18
Q

What is B3 used for?

A

Nicotinamide coenzymes

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19
Q

What does B3 deficiency cause?

A

Pellegra: dermatitus, diarrohea, depression and death.

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20
Q

What can B3 be synthesised from?

A

Tryptophan in low levels

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21
Q

How can Pellegra be treated?

A

Pharmacological doses of niacin to lower LDL and trigylcerides, nicotinamide to improve skin and neurological disorders

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22
Q

What do prolonged high doses of niacin cause?

A

liver damage

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23
Q

How common is Pellegra?

A

Rare except for in eating disorders

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24
Q

What is B5 used in?

A

Acetyl CoA

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25
Q

Is Panthothenic acid deficiency common?

A

No

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26
Q

What is biotin used for?

A

Added to 4 carboxylases by holocarboxylase synthase

Incorporated into Histones

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27
Q

How is biotin recycled?

A

Via biocytin by the biotinidase enzyme

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28
Q

How much biotin is incorporated into histones?

A
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29
Q

How is Pyridoxine used?

A

PLP cofactor

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30
Q

What enzymes use PLP?

A 
~100
Transaminases
Glycogen breakdown
neurotransmitter synthesis
haem synthesis
modulation/antagonists of steriod hormones
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31
Q

How common is B6 deficiency?

A

Poor intake is common

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32
Q

What does excess Pyridoxine cause?

A

Permanent nerve damage

33
Q

What structure does B12 have?

A

Porphyrin ring with cobalt III ion

34
Q

What is cobabulim used for?

A

methionine synthase

L-methylmalonyl CoA mutase

35
Q

What is pernicious anaemia caused by?

A

Inability to absorb B12
autoimmune attack or in elderly
Lack of intrinsic factor to transport from from duodenum

36
Q

How is B12 absorbed?

A

Bound in stomach by R factor
Degraded in duodenum/small intestine
Bound by intrinsic factor for absorption

37
Q

What is B12 deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anaemia and neurological problems caused by disruption of myelin and inflammations
Raised homocysteine and CVD

38
Q

Where is B12 found?

A

Animal food sources

39
Q

What is the structure of Folic acid?

A

PABA
Glutamate
Pteridine ring

40
Q

What does B9 do?

A

Transports interconvertable 1C units for biosynthesis of Serine, Methionine, Glycine, Choline, Purines and dTMP

41
Q

What does Folate deficiency cause?

A 
Megaloblastic anaemia (large immature RBCs)
neural tube defects (no RBC growth or cell division)
Macrocytic anaemia
42
Q

Why does B12 deficiency cause macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12 required to convert homocysteine to methionine for folate recycling.
Can mask B9 deficiency

43
Q

What does the B9/B12 pathway control?

A

dTMP synthesis
DNA methylation
Protein synthesis

44
Q

Which part of B12/B9 pathway can be targetted by anticancer drugs?

A

dTMP synthesis

45
Q

What is vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

46
Q

What is Vit C used for?

A

Cofactor for prolyl and lyslyl hydroxylases to act after translation to stabilise structure
Adrenaline, bile acid, collagen synthesis

47
Q

What is Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

48
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?

A

Skin, gum disease

Weak collagen for healing, bones and muscle

49
Q

How common is Scurvy?

A

Affects 25% of low economic population and elderly

50
Q

Which vitamins have antioxidant properties?

A

Vitamins C A and E

51
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A D E K

52
Q

When is vitamin E deficiency found?

A

In rare digestive disorders

53
Q

Where is vitamin a found?

A

In diet as β-carotene

54
Q

What is vitamin A used for?

A

antioxidant
retinol for converted between cis and trans in vision cycle
retionic acid binds to RXR receptors for cell differentiation and proliferation

55
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

Blindness

Increased CVD and cancer due to antioxidants

56
Q

What does excess vitamin A cause?

A

foetal malformations- teratogenic

57
Q

What evidence is there that antioxidants prevent CVD and cancer?

A

Massachesetts review showed reduced disease in elderly people
Cochrane review of 78 studies showed potential mortality of overdose

58
Q

Where is vitamin K found?

A

Phylloquinone in plants

menaquinone in intestinal bacteria

59
Q

What is vitamin K used for?

A

conenzyme for carboxylation of γ-Glutamate for to bind Ca in clotting factors 2,7,9,10

60
Q

How does warfarin inhibit Vitamin K cycle?

A

Blocks regeration by reduction using a disulphide bond

61
Q

How is vitamin D synthesised?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol
cholecalciferol (skin/UV)
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (Liver)
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Kidney)

62
Q

What is another name for vitamin D3?

A

calcitrol

63
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A 
Transcriptional activation of 200 genes 
Regulation of Ca/P
Cell cycle regulation
Immune system
Skeletal muscle function
64
Q

What does Vitamin D deficiency cause?

A

Osteomalacia/Ricketts

Potential link to cancer

65
Q

How can vitamin D deficiency be caused?

A 
autoimmune diseases 
geographical location
age
racial factors
genetic factors
66
Q

What are minerals used for?

A

Coenzymes or prostethic groups of enzymes

67
Q

What is Iron used for?

A

Electron carriers in cytochromes

Oxygen carriers in haems

68
Q

What is the main cause of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Poor absorption

69
Q

How is iron absorbed?

A

From animal sources using a Hepcidin controlled transporter

70
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Microcytic hyperchromic RBCs

71
Q

Which mineral deficiencies are most common worldwide?

A

Iron and Iodine

72
Q

How is Calcium deficiency reduced?

A

Addition to flour by law

73
Q

What is calcium used for?

A 
Neurones
secretion
muscles
cytoskeleton
signalling
bone mineralisation
coagulation
74
Q

What does hypocalcaemia cause?

A

Tetany

Osteoporosis

75
Q

How is [plasma calcium] controlled?

A

Detected by Pituitary to release Parathyroid hormone
Release from bones, increased reabsorption, stimutlation of Vitamin D release
and Vitamin D increases gut uptake, stimulates PTH release and sensitises bone to PTH

76
Q

How is iodine absorbed?

A

Absorbed from blood by NA+ symport into thyroid follicle
combines with thyroglobulin
cleavage into inactive thyroxine and active triiodothyronine in epithelium

77
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause?

A

Cretinism from pregnancy (mental and physical growth retardation)
Giotre in adults

78
Q

What is iodine used for?

A

Thyriod hormone production only

79
Q

What does excess vitamin C cause?

A

kidney stones

Proteins (12 decks)

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