Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Proteins > Antibodies > Flashcards

Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

What protein fold family do antibodies belong to?

A

Immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are antibodies produced?

A

B-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of immunity do antibodies mediate?

A

Humoral/adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is another name for antigen?

A

epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is variable region diversity found?

A

In hypervariable loops to bind antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What processes contribute to variation?

A

V(D)J recombination
Combinatorial diversity
Junctional diversity
Somatic hypermutation of mature B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many antibodies can V(D)J produce?

A

6000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What affinity do antibodies have for antigen?

A

High: Kd 10^-10M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another name for hypervariable region?

A

Complementarity determining region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of interactions do antibodies use to bind antigen?

A

Non-covalent (reversible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 responses caused by antibody-antigen binding?

A

Osponisation to neutralise, for phagocytosis or active complement cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does ADCC/cell mediated cytotoxicity target?

A

Cells expressing antigens on surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which Ig is first to be secreted?

A

IgM or IgD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

4 heavy domains

pentameric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is IgM found?

A

In blood as too large to leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What responses does IgM mediate?

A

Agglutination to neutralise

complement cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which is the most common antibody?

A

IgG

18
Q

What is the structure of IgG?

A

4 isotopes

3 heavy chains

19
Q

Where is IgG produced?

A

In lymph nodes and spleen following infection, causing class switch recombination

20
Q

What function does IgG have?

A

Neutralisation, phagocytosis and activates complement cascade

21
Q

Where is IgG found?

A

In blood, tissues and can cross placenta

22
Q

What is the structure of IgA?

A

Monomeric or dimeric

3 heavy chains

23
Q

What function does IgA have?

A

Found in mucus to neutralise antigens proir to infection

24
Q

What is the structure of IgE?

A

4 heavy chains

Bound to Fc receptors on basophils, mast cells and eosinophils

25
Q

Where is IgE produced?

A

By mucosal lymphiod

26
Q

What function does IgE have?

A

In allergies:
Degranulation of basophils
Secretion of inflammatory mediators

27
Q

What is IgD?

A

3 heavy chain monomeric antibody found in immature B cells

28
Q

Which antibody group is produced by a physiological response?

A

Polyclonal

29
Q

What can antibodies be used for?

A 
Physiological
Therapeutic
Diagnosis
Industry
Research
30
Q

How are polyclonal antibodies produced?

A

Inject antigen with anticonjuvant to amplify response
Multiple infections to improve affinity
Collect sera

31
Q

How must small haptens be injected?

A

With a carrier protein

32
Q

What are the advantages of polyclonal antibodies?

A

Cross reactivity
Cross linking increases phagocytosis
Easy to obtain by using natural synthesis

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of polyclonal antibodies?

A

Batch production
Many differing affinities and half lives
Cannot be optimised for use by recombinant techniques

34
Q

What is an example of use of polyclonal antibodies?

A

Rhesus /Anti-D during pregnancy
Rabies treatment
Neutralisation of snake venoms

35
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced for industry?

A

Identify B cell
Optimise by screening for best affinity
Fuse with immortal myeloma to form hybridoma
Select for hybridomas only expressing mutant HGPRT enzyme

36
Q

What are examples of use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

False-positives for pregnancy tests
Mopping up cytokines in autoinflammatory disease
Anticancer

37
Q

What is the major problem of antibody therapy?

A

Immune response produced as antibody if from a forgein organism

38
Q

How can humanisation occur?

A

Transgenic mice for human genes

Recombinant techniques remove Fc region to leave Fab or ssFv

39
Q

What are the advantages of recombinant techniques to optimise antibody?

A

Add identification tags

Fab/ssFv region freely crosses membranes

40
Q

How can antibodies for homologous proteins be produced?

A

Phage display

Alternative folds e.g. VLR from jawless vertebrates

41
Q

What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

consistent, limitless supply that can be optimised

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Less cross-reactivity,
more time consuming,
Cannot generate antibodies for homologous proteins

Proteins (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions