Nutrition Flashcards
kcal/g of: protein, carbohydrate, fats, EtOH
Protein: 4
carbohydrate: 4
fats: 9
EtOH: 7
What is the percent energy expenditure of: physical activity, thermic effect of digesting food, resting energed expenditure/basal metabolic rate?
Physical activity: ~20-30%
Thermic effect of food: ~10%
BMR: ~60-70%
What are healthy levels of body fat in men and women?
2-20% in men, 20-35% in women
In which conditions are decreases in BMR per kg of lean-mass seen?
Hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa, down syndrome, very-low-calorie diets, starvation states
In which conditions are increases in BMR per kg of lean-mass seen?
Hyperthyroidism, Parkinson’s disease, asthma, hypermetabolic state (burns, sepsis)
What happens to BMR during severe caloric restriction? Results of the Minnesota study?
BMR decreases with calorie restriction before mass is lost, and increases with feeding before mass increases
Fuel utilization in 24 hour fasting vs 5-6 weeks of semi-starvation?
Mostly muscle and adipose tissues are mobilized in the first 24 hours. After 5-6 weeks, muscle utilization drops waaaay down to preserve muscle, adipose tissue utilization continues, BMR drops
What happens with chronic but mild Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and how is that condition defined?
Stunting, defined as >2 std deviations below mean for height average.
Acute, mild PEM results in what condition? How is that condition defined?
Underweight, defined as BMI <18.5 in adults
Acute, severe PEM results in what condition(s)? How are these conditions defined?
Marasmus, defined as <60% expected weight with marked loss of subq fat and skeletal muscle
Kwashiorkor, defined as 60-80% below expected weight, edema, impaired renal function, fatty liver, skin and hair color changes
What type of fats are associated with hypercholesterolemia? Which not associated with either higher or lower LDL/HDL? Which associated with lower LDL?
Saturated fats, MUFA, PUFA
What are the essential fatty acids and why are they important?
linoleic acid (omega 6), and alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3), act as precursors for long chain fatty acids required for cell membranes, especially linoleic acid
What do trans fats do the LDL and HDL?
Raise LDL and lower HDL. So, the opposite of good.
Clinical sx of Essential Fatty Acid deficiency? Name 5. There’s like 50.
reduced growth rates, scaly dermatitis with increases water loss, male and female infertility, depressed inflammatory responses, kidney abnormalities, abnormal liver mitochondria, decrease capillary resistance, increased fragility of erythrocytes, and reduced contractility of cardiac muscle
How does fiber lower cholesterol? Which type of fiber (soluble or insoluble) does this better?
Sequesters bile acid, slows carbohydrate absorption rate = lowering insulin rise rate and cholesterol synth rate, stimulates production of short-chain fatty acids which inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Soluble does it better.
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
FAKED - Fat soluble A, K, E, and D
Other name for Vitamin A?
Retinol
Function of Vitamin A
Important in vision, cell differentiation including epithelial cells, and immune responses
Vitamin A deficiency sx
Night blindness early, epithelial keratinization, early conjunctival dryness (xerosis), Bitot’s spots (dry, fatty deposits), Keratomalacia (thick white opacities on the cornea which cause blindness)
Vitamin A toxicity
Acute: N/V and HA, peeling of skin
Other name for Vitamin D?
Cholecalciferol
Function of Vitamin D
Maintain serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations by increasing intestinal absorption, renal reabsorption, and bone resorption. May also play role in gene expression regulation
