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Physiology > nutrition > Flashcards

nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most metabolically active tissue (highest O2 consumption per gram of tissue per minute)? which two tissues comprises 25% of BMR?

A

heart,

liver & skeletal muscle

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2
Q

what are the essential macronutrients?

A

carbohydrates (4kcal/g), fat (9kcal/g), protein (4kcal/g)

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3
Q

components of energy expenditure

A

BMR- 60-70%
dietary thermogenesis- 10%
physical activity- 20-30%

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4
Q

what is something that doesn’t affect metabolic rate? what is something that increases it? decreases it?

A
  • weight doesn’t affect it
  • increased by hyperthyroidism, burns/sepsis injuries
  • decreased by hypothyroidism, anorexia, starvation
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5
Q

T/F you can increase you metabolism by changing your diet?

A

FALSE

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6
Q

T/F you can change your metabolism by increasing your fat-free mass

A

True

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7
Q

in a semi-starvation state, you decrease BMR how?

A

1) 1/3 decreased body size
2) 2/3 down regulation in metabolism w/ calorie restriction (down regulation in metabolic rate not just because you’re losing fat-free mass (muscle))

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8
Q

T/F A person’s metabolic rate decreases during caloric restriction, inhibiting the rate of weight loss

A

True

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9
Q

what is used during early fasting?

A
  • amino acids & glycerol for gluconeogenesis

- fatty acids for gng + ketone generation + directly by kidney/heart/muscle

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10
Q

what is used during 5/6 weeks of semi-starvation?

A
  • protein stores are conserved, brain uses ketone bodies, RBCs use glucose, kidneys/heart/muscle use FAs
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11
Q

chronic, mild PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) can lead to

A

stunting - linear growth failure

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12
Q

acute, mild PEM can lead to

A

underweight- weight-for-age

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13
Q

acute, severe PEM can lead to

A

wasting- weight for height

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14
Q

two types of wasting

A

Marasmus- loss of fat + muscle, old man face

Kawashiorkor- Marasmus + edema, changes in skin/hair color, fatty liver, poor renal function

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15
Q

95% of lipids consumed by humans

A

triglycerides

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16
Q

SFAs- structure, consistency at room temp, CVD risk factors

A
  • no double bonds
  • solid at room temp
  • associated with hypercholesterolemia
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17
Q

MUFAs- structure, CVD risk factors

A
  • one double bond at n-9

- not associated with hypercholesterolemia or decreased HDL

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18
Q

PUFAs- structure, consistency at room temp, CVD risk factors

A
  • multiple double bonds
  • liquid at room temp
  • low serum LDL but low serum HDL
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19
Q

EFA deficiency

A

dry, scaly skin

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20
Q

what is an example of an omega 3 fatty acid?

A

alpha linolenic acid (3 double bonds)

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21
Q

what is an example of an omega 6 fatty acid?

A

linolic acid (2 double bonds)

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22
Q

what are trans fats?

A

human processing turns liquid oils into solid fats; associated with increased LDL, CHD, atheroscleosis

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23
Q

what are the two types of fiber? which one lowers cholesterol?

A

soluble- legumes/fruits/nuts- lowers cholesterol

insoluble- whole grains/brans/veggies- good for bowl health

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24
Q

3 ways soluble fiber lowers cholesterol

A

1) sequesters bile acids
2) slows carb absorption, decreases the rate of insulin rise
3) stimulates production of short-chain fatty acids which inhibit cholesterol synthesis

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25
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins? where are they stored?

A

ADEK

adipose tissue, liver, D is in dermis/epidermis

26
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins? what is their primary function?

A 
B's and C
thiamin- B1
niacin- B3
folic acid- B9
B12
- primarily function as co-enzymes
27
Q

what is another name for vitamin A?

A

retinol

28
Q

another name for vitamin D?

A

cholecalciferol

29
Q

another name for vitamin E?

A

tocopherol

30
Q

another name for vitamin K?

A

phylloquinone

31
Q

what are the two most important forms of vitamin A and their functions?

A

retinaldehyde (vision)
&
retinoic acid (cell growth & differentiation via gene expression)

32
Q

what is a vegetable source retinal (retinaldehyde) can come from?

A

beta-carotene

33
Q

what does a deficiency in vitamin a cause? key sign of excess vitamin A?

A

deficiency- night blindness, immune dysfunction, poor growth, alopecia
excess- red gingiva/vomiting/nausea

34
Q

what is the main role of vitamin D?

A

to maintain serum Ca2+ and phosphorus levels

35
Q

what disease does a deficiency in vit d result in? is it rich or poor in breast milk?

A

rickets; poor in breast milk

36
Q

what is the main role of vitamin E?

A

protects cell membranes from oxidative stress

37
Q

how does vitamin D maintain plasma Ca2+ levels?

A
  1. increased intestinal absorption
  2. increased renal absorption
  3. increased bone resorption
38
Q

3 mechanisms vit E uses to protect cell membranes from oxidative stress?

A
  • peroxide scavenger for cell membrane PUFAs and lipoproteins
  • breaks chain rxn of oxidation
  • regenerated to reduced form by vit c
39
Q

what is the main role of vitamin k?

A

co-factor for proteins that coagulate, including gamma-glutamate and pro-thrombin, carboxylases

40
Q

what disease is seen in relation to low vitamin k?

A

hemorrhagic disease in newborns

41
Q

which vitamin do you suspect to be deficient in alcoholism?

A

thiamin- need for PDH

42
Q

what diseases do you see with thiamin deficiency?

A

beriberi- dry and wet

peripheral neuropathy, wrist and ankle drop + edema, cardiomegaly, tachycardia

43
Q

For which disease would you administer thiamine prior to glucose?

A

Wenicke’s encephalopathy- if you don’t have thiamine, get build up of pyruvate & possible death

44
Q

vitamin B1 name

A

thiamin

45
Q

vitamin B2 name

A

riboflavin

46
Q

vitamin B3 name

A

niacin

47
Q

vitamin b9 name

A

folic acid/folate

48
Q

vitamin b12 name

A

cobalamin

49
Q

what enzymatic reactions is riboflavin important for?

A

succinate dehydrogenase
and
acyl coa dehydrogenases

(FADs)

50
Q

what can niacin be synthesized from?

A

60 tryptophan

51
Q

what does a deficiency in niacin lead to?

A

pellagra (photosensitive dermatitis) + 4 d’s

dematitis, diarrhea, demetia, death

52
Q

what are the 2 important enzymes associated with folic acid?

A

thymidylate synthetase, methionine synthase

53
Q

which two b vitamins are closely related?

A

folate and cobalamin (9&12)

54
Q

what are some common symptoms of B9/B12 deficiency?

A

megoblastic anemia, hyperhomocystemiemia

55
Q

what is vitamin c important for?

A

co-enzyme for collagen hydroxylation (proline lysine)

56
Q

what are some common symptoms of vitamin c deficiency?

A

pinpoint hemorrages, impaired would healing, teeth falling out, scurvy

57
Q

high estrogen increases/decreases Ca2+ absorption

A

increases

58
Q

explain refeeding syndrome

A

give malnorished individiuals glucose & saline
expands ECF
take up lots of Na+ and carbs
get rapid glycogen synthesis - uses up all of the phosphorus
causes cardiac arrhythmias

59
Q

with an iron deficiency what do you see?

A

increase in transferrin (transporter)

decrease in ferritin (intracellular storage)

60
Q

what are some common symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

delayed sexual maturation, hypogonadism, hypospermia

Physiology (22 decks)

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