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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What types of proproteases does the pancreas secrete?

A
  1. Trypsinogen
  2. Chymotrypsinogen
  3. Proelastase
  4. Procarboxypeptidase
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2
Q

What active enzymes does the pancreas secrete?

A
  1. α-amylase
  2. Lipases
  3. Phospholipases
  4. Cholesterol esterases
  5. RNAses, DNAses
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3
Q

What ion does the pancreas secrete? And what controls it?

A

HCO3
ACh
Secretin**

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4
Q

Thiamine is also known as ___________.

A

Vitamin B1

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5
Q

What is Vitamin B1’s active form?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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6
Q

What do deficiencies of B1 look like?

A

Polyneuropathy - Dry beriberi
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Wet beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff

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7
Q

What is another name for Pantothenic Acid?

A

Vitamin B5

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8
Q

What pathways does B5 function with?

A

CoA - aa, carb, fat, and NA metabolism

Acyl Carrier protein

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9
Q

What does a deficiency of B5 look like?

A

Dermatitis, Enteritis, Alopecia, Adrenal Insufficiency

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10
Q

What is another name for Riboflavin?

A

Vitamin B2

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11
Q

What are active forms of B2 and what do they function in?

A

FMN - flavin mononucleotide
FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Electron carrier

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12
Q

What does a deficiency of B2 look like?

A

Cheilosis (scaling/fissures at the corners of the mouth)
Dermatitis
Corneal neovascularization

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13
Q

What is another name for Niacin and where does it come from?

A

Vitamin B3 - diet, synthesized from tryptophan

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14
Q

What are active forms of vitamin B3?

A

NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH

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15
Q

What does a deficiency of B3 look like?

A

Glossitis, pellagra

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16
Q

What is another name for Biotin?

A

Vitamin B7

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17
Q

What does a deficiency of B7 look like?

A

Dermatitis, Alopecia, enteritis

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18
Q

What is another name for pyridoxine?

A

Vitamin B6

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19
Q

What is the active form of B6?

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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20
Q

What does B6 deficiency look like?

A

Convulsions, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia (dec. porphyrin synthesis)

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21
Q

What is another name for folate?

A

Vitamin B9

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22
Q

What is the active form of B9

A

Tetrahydrofolate

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23
Q

What does a B9 deficiency look like?

A

Megaloblastic anemia and fetal neural tube defects

24
Q

What’s another name for cobalamin?

A

Vitamin B12

25
What does B12 deficiency look like?
Megaloblastic anemia Fetal neural tube defects Demyelination Neural degeneration
26
What does B12 help with?
Myelin Synthesis | TH4Folate availability for DNA synthesis
27
Where are most B vitamins absorbed? Where is B12 absorbed? Microbiota produced1 biotin?
1. Duodenum and jejunum 2. Ileum 3. Large intestine
28
What is another name for ascorbate?
Vitamin C
29
What are the functions of vitamin C? (4)
1. Antioxidant - ROS, oxidized vitamin E 2. Cofactor of enzymes that reduce metal ions 3. Post-translational modification of proteins - collagen 4. Synthesis of NT and hormones
30
What does a deficiency of Vitamin C look like?
Abnormal collagen crosslinking - bleeding | Scurvy
31
What is another name for Tocopherol?
Vitamin E
32
What is the active form of Vitamin E?
α-Tocopherol
33
What is the function of vitamin E? (2)
1. Antioxidant - scavenges free radicals | 2. Recycled by Vitamin C
34
What does a deficiency in vitamin E look like?
1. Hemolytic anemia 2. Muscle weakness 3. Demylination
35
What is another name for phylloquinone?
Vitamin K
36
What is the function of vitamin K?
1. Cofactor for K dependent γ-carboxylase (Factor 2, 7, 9, 10; Protein C, S; bone Ca binding proteins) 2. Modified Gla residue - bind Ca, localizes to activated platelets
37
What does a Vitamin K deficiency look like?
Bleeding
38
What are the two main classes of vitamin A?
Carotenes and Retinoids
39
What is the function of β-carotene?
Anti-oxidant | Vitamin A precursor
40
What is the function of retinol (vitamin A)
Major transport form
41
What is the function of 11-cis-retinal?
Vision
42
What is the function of retinoic acid?
Gene regulation - epithelial cell fx, mucus cell fx, immunity, repro, devo
43
What does a vitamin A deficiency look like?
``` Night blindness Susceptibility to infection Dry scaly skin Corneal degeneration Alopecia Osteoporosis ```
44
What is another word for calciferols?
Vitamin D
45
What are the 3 forms of vitamin D?
1. Dietary in Micelles - cholecalciferol 2. Hormone - 7-Dehydrocholesterol --> Vitamin D2 3. Active 1, 15 dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol
46
What is the function of vitamin D?
Controls expression of D responsive genes - Ca/Ph absorption, bone formation/dissolution, renal retention of Ca/Ph Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, immune suppression, anti-inflammation, differentiation Requires retinoic acid
47
What does a vitamin D deficiency look like?
Children - Rickets | Adults - Osteomalacia
48
All fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the ___________ and ___________. Vitamin D is also absorbed in the ______. Microbiota produced vitamin K is absorbed in the _______________.
Duodenum and Jejunum Ileum Large intestine
49
Where are copper, iodide, and fluoride absorbed?
Stomach
50
Where are Iron, copper and selenium absorbed?
Duodenum
51
Where are Iron and zinc absorbed?
Jejunum
52
What are the functions of Iron?
Oxygen transport, energy metabolism
53
What are the functions of Zinc?
Wound healing, spermatogenesis
54
What are the functions of Iodide?
Thyroid hormone
55
What are the functions of Copper?
Anti-oxidant, electron transport, collagen cross-linking, development
56
What are the functions of fluoride?
Dental health
57
What are the functions of Selenium?
Anti-oxidant, thyroid hormone function

GI/Nutrition (6 decks)

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