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GI/Nutrition > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What types of proproteases does the pancreas secrete?

A
  1. Trypsinogen
  2. Chymotrypsinogen
  3. Proelastase
  4. Procarboxypeptidase
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2
Q

What active enzymes does the pancreas secrete?

A
  1. α-amylase
  2. Lipases
  3. Phospholipases
  4. Cholesterol esterases
  5. RNAses, DNAses
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3
Q

What ion does the pancreas secrete? And what controls it?

A

HCO3
ACh
Secretin**

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4
Q

Thiamine is also known as ___________.

A

Vitamin B1

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5
Q

What is Vitamin B1’s active form?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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6
Q

What do deficiencies of B1 look like?

A

Polyneuropathy - Dry beriberi
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Wet beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff

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7
Q

What is another name for Pantothenic Acid?

A

Vitamin B5

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8
Q

What pathways does B5 function with?

A

CoA - aa, carb, fat, and NA metabolism

Acyl Carrier protein

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9
Q

What does a deficiency of B5 look like?

A

Dermatitis, Enteritis, Alopecia, Adrenal Insufficiency

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10
Q

What is another name for Riboflavin?

A

Vitamin B2

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11
Q

What are active forms of B2 and what do they function in?

A

FMN - flavin mononucleotide
FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Electron carrier

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12
Q

What does a deficiency of B2 look like?

A

Cheilosis (scaling/fissures at the corners of the mouth)
Dermatitis
Corneal neovascularization

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13
Q

What is another name for Niacin and where does it come from?

A

Vitamin B3 - diet, synthesized from tryptophan

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14
Q

What are active forms of vitamin B3?

A

NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH

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15
Q

What does a deficiency of B3 look like?

A

Glossitis, pellagra

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16
Q

What is another name for Biotin?

A

Vitamin B7

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17
Q

What does a deficiency of B7 look like?

A

Dermatitis, Alopecia, enteritis

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18
Q

What is another name for pyridoxine?

A

Vitamin B6

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19
Q

What is the active form of B6?

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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20
Q

What does B6 deficiency look like?

A

Convulsions, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia (dec. porphyrin synthesis)

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21
Q

What is another name for folate?

A

Vitamin B9

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22
Q

What is the active form of B9

A

Tetrahydrofolate

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23
Q

What does a B9 deficiency look like?

A

Megaloblastic anemia and fetal neural tube defects

24
Q

What’s another name for cobalamin?

A

Vitamin B12

25
Q

What does B12 deficiency look like?

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Fetal neural tube defects
Demyelination
Neural degeneration

26
Q

What does B12 help with?

A

Myelin Synthesis

TH4Folate availability for DNA synthesis

27
Q

Where are most B vitamins absorbed? Where is B12 absorbed? Microbiota produced1 biotin?

A
  1. Duodenum and jejunum
  2. Ileum
  3. Large intestine
28
Q

What is another name for ascorbate?

A

Vitamin C

29
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C? (4)

A
  1. Antioxidant - ROS, oxidized vitamin E
  2. Cofactor of enzymes that reduce metal ions
  3. Post-translational modification of proteins - collagen
  4. Synthesis of NT and hormones
30
Q

What does a deficiency of Vitamin C look like?

A

Abnormal collagen crosslinking - bleeding

Scurvy

31
Q

What is another name for Tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E

32
Q

What is the active form of Vitamin E?

A

α-Tocopherol

33
Q

What is the function of vitamin E? (2)

A
  1. Antioxidant - scavenges free radicals

2. Recycled by Vitamin C

34
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin E look like?

A
  1. Hemolytic anemia
  2. Muscle weakness
  3. Demylination
35
Q

What is another name for phylloquinone?

A

Vitamin K

36
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A
  1. Cofactor for K dependent γ-carboxylase (Factor 2, 7, 9, 10; Protein C, S; bone Ca binding proteins)
  2. Modified Gla residue - bind Ca, localizes to activated platelets
37
Q

What does a Vitamin K deficiency look like?

A

Bleeding

38
Q

What are the two main classes of vitamin A?

A

Carotenes and Retinoids

39
Q

What is the function of β-carotene?

A

Anti-oxidant

Vitamin A precursor

40
Q

What is the function of retinol (vitamin A)

A

Major transport form

41
Q

What is the function of 11-cis-retinal?

A

Vision

42
Q

What is the function of retinoic acid?

A

Gene regulation - epithelial cell fx, mucus cell fx, immunity, repro, devo

43
Q

What does a vitamin A deficiency look like?

A 
Night blindness
Susceptibility to infection
Dry scaly skin
Corneal degeneration
Alopecia 
Osteoporosis
44
Q

What is another word for calciferols?

A

Vitamin D

45
Q

What are the 3 forms of vitamin D?

A
  1. Dietary in Micelles - cholecalciferol
  2. Hormone - 7-Dehydrocholesterol –> Vitamin D2
  3. Active 1, 15 dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol
46
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Controls expression of D responsive genes - Ca/Ph absorption, bone formation/dissolution, renal retention of Ca/Ph
Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, immune suppression, anti-inflammation, differentiation
Requires retinoic acid

47
Q

What does a vitamin D deficiency look like?

A

Children - Rickets

Adults - Osteomalacia

48
Q

All fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the ___________ and ___________. Vitamin D is also absorbed in the ______. Microbiota produced vitamin K is absorbed in the _______________.

A

Duodenum and Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine

49
Q

Where are copper, iodide, and fluoride absorbed?

A

Stomach

50
Q

Where are Iron, copper and selenium absorbed?

A

Duodenum

51
Q

Where are Iron and zinc absorbed?

A

Jejunum

52
Q

What are the functions of Iron?

A

Oxygen transport, energy metabolism

53
Q

What are the functions of Zinc?

A

Wound healing, spermatogenesis

54
Q

What are the functions of Iodide?

A

Thyroid hormone

55
Q

What are the functions of Copper?

A

Anti-oxidant, electron transport, collagen cross-linking, development

56
Q

What are the functions of fluoride?

A

Dental health

57
Q

What are the functions of Selenium?

A

Anti-oxidant, thyroid hormone function

GI/Nutrition (6 decks)

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