Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the advantages of being a ruminant?
A
- Forage utilization.
- Non-protein nitrogen utilization.
- Vitamin synthesis.
2
Q
What are the disadvantages of being a ruminant?
A
- Excess gas production.
- Inefficient nitrogen utilization.
- Digestive problems.
3
Q
What is heat of fermentation?
A
Due to the digestive system of cattle relying on fermentation, they produce heat. During hot temperatures, this causes them to overheat. During cold temperatures, this keeps them warm.
4
Q
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
A
- Water.
- Carbohydrates.
- Fats.
- Proteins.
- Minerals.
- Vitamins.
5
Q
What are the 5 nutrients animals need?
A
- Water.
- Energy.
- Protein.
- Minerals.
- Vitamins.
6
Q
What is nutrients used for first? Second?
A
a. Maintenance.
b. Production.
7
Q
What does clean water do to performance?
A
It improves it.
8
Q
How many pounds do steers gain from fresh water?
A
2.6 lbs/d.
9
Q
How many pounds do steers gain from fresh water?
A
2.0 lbs/d.
10
Q
What is the most limiting nutrient?
A
Energy.
11
Q
What are the two main sources of energy?
A
Concentrates and roughages.
12
Q
What are the two systems for calculating energy requirements?
A
- Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN).
- Net Energy System.
13
Q
What 7 things change energy requirements?
A
- Age.
- Body condition.
- Body weight.
- Breed.
- Milk production.
- Pregnancy.
- Weather.
14
Q
What are the 3 forms protein takes?
A
- Crude protein.
- Degraded intake protein.
- Undegraded intake protein.
15
Q
What 4 things alter the protein requirements of cattle?
A
- Body weight.
- Growth.
- Milk production.
- Pregnancy.
16
Q
What are the 6 macrominerals?
A
- Calcium.
- Magnesium.
- Phosphorous.
- Potassium.
- Salt.
- Sulfur.
17
Q
What are the 7 trace minerals?
A
- Cobalt.
- Copper.
- Iodine.
- Iron.
- Manganese.
- Selenium.
- Zinc.
18
Q
Where in the cattle’s diet is there adequate calcium?
A
Roughages.
19
Q
Where in the cattle’s diet is there low calcium?
A
Grains.
20
Q
What macromineral is winter pasture low in?
A
- Phosphorous.
- Crop residues.
21
Q
What micromineral is marginal in harvest forages?
A
Phosphorous.
22
Q
What macromineral do cattle crave?
A
Salt.
23
Q
What type of pasture is low in magnesium?
A
Lush pastures in spring, especially with cool-season annuals.
24
Q
What animals have the highest requirement for magnesium?
A
Lactating cows.
25
Why is potassium not a concern when feeding cattle?
It is adequate in most forages.
26
When does sulfur become a problem?
When feeding non-protein nitrogen.
27
What mineral deficiencies are rare?
1. Iron.
2. Manganese.
28
What is vitamin A converted from?
Carotene from growing plants.
29
What is vitamin A low in?
Low in dormant grasses and stored forages.
30
How many months worth of vitamin A is stored in the liver?
2-4 months.
31
What fat soluble vitamins are rarely deficient?
1. D.
2. E.
3. K.
32
What happens when B vitamins are disrupted?
Depressed rumen function.
33
What is used to sample grain/byproducts?
A grain probe that collects samples at various times during unloading.
34
What is used to sample hay?
Coring tools.
35
How many bales are used when sampling hay?
Minimum 10 bales.
36
When is silage sampled?
After being ensiled.
37
What do animals eat to meet?
Dry matter intake requirements.
38
What are nutrient requirements stated on the basis of: As fed or dry matter?
Dry matter.
39
What should a feed analysis include?
1. Protein.
2. Energy.
3. Calcium.
4. Phosphorous.
5. Nitrate.
6. Trace minerals.
7. Vitamins.
8. Acid Detergent Fiber.
9. Neutral Detergent Fiber.
10. Relative Feed Value.
40
How is crude protein measured?
Nitrogen * 6.25.
41
How is heat damage protein detected?
1. Acid insoluble nitrogen.
2. Insoluble crude protein.
42
What is required to determine Digestible Insoluble Protein (DIP) and Undigestible Insoluble Protein (UIP)?
Feeding trials.
43
What are the 5 sources of energy in feed sources?
1. Cellulose.
2. Hemicellulose.
3. Lignin.
4. Starch.
5. Sugars.
44
What is typically used to estimate energy level?
Acid Detergent Fiber.
45
What are the 3 ways energy is expressed?
1. Net Energy gain.
2. Net Energy metabolism.
3. Total Digestible Nutrients.
46
What is typically higher in calcium, grains or roughages?
Roughages.
47
What is typically higher in phosphorus, grains or roughages?
Grains.
48
When should roughages be tested for nitrates?
Drought situations.
49
What are the 4 high risk forages for having high levels of nitrate?
1. Millet.
2. Oat hay.
3. Sorghums.
4. Sudans/sudangrasses.
50
When would trace minerals be of concern to producers?
If they suspect they have a problem with the level of one or more of them.
51
What is the color of the plants being fed a good indicator of?
Vitamin A.
*Relatively cheap to supplement, so it is in everything.
52
What is Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) used to determine specifically?
Indigestible fibers in the feed sample, inversely related to energy.
53
What is Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) used to determine specifically?
Primarily cell wall matter in the feed sample, inversely related to intake.
54
What is relative feed value?
The combination of ADF and NDF into a single measure.
55
What roughage is relative feed value commonly used in?
Alfalfa.
*Cannot be used to compare species.
56
Where are mycotoxins mainly a problem?
Grains.
57
What are two laboratory analyses to perform on feed stuffs?
1. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIR).
2. Wet Chemistry.
58
What does NIR work best on?
One species of forage or grain.
59
What is wet chemistry used on?
1. Mixed forages or rations.
2. Unusual forages or feedstuffs.
60
Which is more expensive, NIR or wet chemistry?
Wet chemistry.
61
What are the 4 ways that grasses can be classified based on origin?
1. Improved.
2. Native.
3. Natural.
4. Planted.
62
What influence did natural grass develop under?
The influence of grazing animals.
63
What type of grass is dominant in native grasses?
Perennial.
64
Where are native grasses commonly found?
The prairies of North America.
65
What are the 4 disadvantages of natural grasslands in Georgia?
1. Low nutritive value.
2. Low soil fertility (does not respond well to fertilizer).
3. Shorter productive season.
4. Tall bunch grass is not tolerant of hard grazing.
66
What are improved or planted pastures?
Grasses and legumes selected for grazing, hay, or other value.
67
What forage zone is Northwest Georgia is?
Zone B.
68
What forage is available year-round in Zone B?
Tall fescue.
69
What are the 3 varieties of Bahiagrass?
1. Argentine.
2. Pensacola.
3. Tifton 9.
70
What are the 2 varieties of tall fescue?
1. MaxQ.
2. KY 31 EI*.
*EI=Endophyte Infected.
71
What are the 4 varieties of seeded bermudagrass?
1. CD 90160.
2. Cheyenne.
3. Vaq.
4. Wrangler.
72
What are the 6 varieties of hybrid bermudagrass?
1. Alicia.
2. Costal.
3. Russell.
4. Slaughter.
5. Tifton 44.
6. Tifton 85.
73
What is a reason why calving typically happens in the spring besides temperature?
It is when the TDN in the pasture is highest.
74
What is the most inefficient grazing method?
Continuous stocking.
75
What is the most efficient grazing method?
Daily rotation, strip grazing.
76
What is the best way to determine what you can grow in your soil/what needs to be done to grow certain crops in the soil you have?
Get a soil test done.
77
How much does multispecies grazing increase the stocking rate?
10-20%.
78
What are the benefits of multispecies grazing?
1. Can improve pasture mix or limit undesirable plants.
2. Requires fencing, handling facilities, and management for multiple types of livestock.
3. Spreads economic risks by allowing for multiple products to be sold.
79
Which is easier: Adding cattle to sheep/goats or adding sheep/goats to cattle?
Adding cattle to sheep/goats.
80
What are the two reasons for why we supplement?
1. Improve animal performance.
2. Facilitate handling.
81
What are the two deciding factors for when you supplement animals?
1. Forage nutrient availability.
2. What the pasture nutrient supply is as compared to the nutrient requirement for the animal.
82
What % DM does respiration lead to in hay?
2-18%.
83
Why does leaf shatter occur?
The hay is too dry when it is baled.
84
How much loss does leaf shatter cause?
2-35%.
85
When does leaching occur?
When the hay gets rained on during the curing/drying process.
86
What %loss occurs as a result of leaching?
2-37.
87
What 2 factors does the %loss from leaching depend upon?
1. Timing of the rain.
2. Amount of rain.
88
Why is the first cutting of hay never used?
It is nutritionally the worst and has all of the "junk" in it from the winter.
89
What are the two ways of storing hay?
1. Round bales.
2. Small bales.
90
What happens if hay is too wet to initiate heat processing?
1. Browning reaction.
2. Mold growth.
91
What happens when you store hay outside?
1. Leaching.
2. Microbial deterioration.
92
How is loss prevented when hay is stored outside?
1. Placing the hay on pallets.
2. Covering the hay with plastic.
3. Keeping the hay bales separated.
93
What are ionophores?
Streptomyces-derived antibiotics.
94
What is the function of ionophores?
Alter rumen metabolism to increase propionic acid and decrease acidosis.
95
What is monesin/rumensin?
96
What is the function of rumensin?
A form of coccidiosis control that also causes a 5-12% feed efficiency improvement through decreased feed intake.
97
What is the function of lasalocid/bovatec?
Coccidia control that also causes a 2% gain improvement and an 8% improvement in feed efficiency.
98
What is laidlomycin/cattlyst?
99
What is the function of laidlomycin/cattlyst?
Causes a 5-10% improvement in gain and feed efficiency.
100
What is coccidiosis?
An infection with the protozoa from the genus Eimeria that results in diarrhea and reduced feed efficiency.
101
How is coccidiosis prevented/treated?
1. Feeding Bovatec.
2. Feeding Rumensin.
3. Corid.
102
What is melengestrol acetate (MGA)?
An orally active progestin that is used as a feed additive.
103
What is the function of MGA?
1. Inhibit estrus in heifers.
2. 5-11% increase in gain.
3. 5% increase in feed efficiency.
104
What are optaflexx, Actogain 45, Zilmax?
Beta agonists and partitioning agents feed additives.
105
What are the 3 ways to feed hay?
1. Hay ring.
2. Hay trailer/cradle.
3. Ground.
106
What is the % loss for hay rings?
4-6%.
107
What is the % loss for hay trailer/cradle?
11-14%.
108
What is the % loss for ground?
Up to 45%.
109
What is the winter feeding method for hay?
Hay is set out in pastures and fed in a planned, controlled manner throughout the whole season utilizing a temporary electric fence.
110
What type of grazing is utilized in the winter feeding method?
Utilizes rotational grazing with 1 to 7 days of hay per pasture.
111
How far apart are hay bales spaced in the winter feeding method?
40-60 ft. apart.
112
How many lbs. of nitrogen does a 1000 lb roll of bermudagrass hay contain?
23 lbs. .
113
How many lbs. of phosphate does a 1000 lb roll of bermudagrass hay contain?
6 lbs.
114
How many lbs. of potash does a 1000 lb roll of bermudagrass hay contain?
25 lbs.
115
What is a common source of dietary fat?
Whole oilseeds.
116
What does excess dietary fat lead to in ruminants?
1. Fluctuations in feed intake.
2. Scouring.
117
What is the maximum % of the diet oilseeds should be for mature cattle?
6%.
118
What is the maximum % of the diet oilseeds should be for young, growing cattle?
4%.
119
What are common sources of dietary energy?
1. Brewers grains (11%).
2. Dried distillers grains (10%).
3. Whole cottonseed (18%).
120
What type of fats appear to enhance reproduction in cattle?
Polyunsaturated fats (PUFd).
121
When feeding protein: Is quality more important or quantity?
Quantity.
*More expensive to feed than energy.
122
Under what conditions does bypass protein increase productivity?
High production.
123
What is a replacement for protein?
Non-protein nitrogen, which will be converted to protein by the rumen microbes.
124
How often do cattle need to be supplemented with NPN if it is being used?
Every 5-7 days.
125
What % CP must a forage be at for microbial protein synthesis to not be limited?
At least 7%.
126
What are low bypass protein sources?
1. Casein.
2. SBM.
3. Sunflower meal.
4. Peanut meal.
127
What are medium bypass protein sources?
1. Cottonseed meal.
2. Dehydrated alfalfa meal.
3. Dried brewers grains.
128
What are high bypass protein sources?
1. Corn gluten meal.
2. Feather meal.
3. Fish meal.
129
What is the max % of the diet that NPN can be?
20-25%.
130
What must NPN be consumed with?
Soluble carbohydrates.
*Introduce NPN gradually.
131
What mineral should be available at all times?
Salt.
132
What are the basic approaches for supplying minerals?
1. Supply all trace minerals in a supplement without consideration for minerals in base diet.
2. Supply 1/2 trace mineral requirements in supplement.
3. Test and supplement to meet deficiencies.
133
What is the typical mineral intake for mature cattle?
0.25 lbs per day.
134
What is the typical mineral intake for calves?
0.125 lbs. per day starting at 60 days of age.
135
Where is vitamin A found?
1. In-free choice minerals.
2. In-protein supplement.
3. Injection.
4. Leafy green hay.
136
What are the considerations that must be taken into account when looking into the physical supplement?
1. Product consistency.
2. Freight/availability.
3. Handling (Cakes, cubes, meals, pellets).
4. Mineral/Vitamin content.
137
How much can CP vary from the listed value in tables?
+/- 15%.
138
How much can energy vary from the listed value in tables?
+/- 10%.
139
How much can minerals vary from the listed value in tables?
+/- 30%.
140
When do you supplement animals when hand feeding them?
Early morning and late evening, when they tend to graze.
141
What is the rule of thumb with salt?
0.1 lb salt/100 lbs body weight.
*Intake may increase over time.
142
What can be used to limit the intake of supplements?
1. Limiting palatability (Fish oil).
2. Hardness (Lick blocks and tubes).
3. Limit access time (moving a fence).
143
What is the most important nutrient management practice for calves?
Adequate colostrum intake.
144
What does colostrum contain?
Immunoglobulins and energy.
145
What happens at 24 hours post-calving?
Ig absorption ability significantly decreases.
146
What is a creep feed normally composed of?
A highly digestible, high fiber feed mixed with a little of what the cows are eating.
147
Where is the creep feeder placed?
Where the cows and calves are frequently found.
148
What are the 6 advantages of creep feeding?
1. Higher weaning weight.
2. Less stress at weaning.
3. Prices of calves is higher relative to feed costs.
4. Purebred breeder.
5. Reduced calf forage consumption during drought.
6. Useful for calves with skeletal frame and growth potential.
149
What are the 6 disadvantages of creep feeding?
1. Cost of added weight is usually higher than return.
2. Creep feed may be converted very ineffectively.
3. Creep fed yearling weights only slightly more than noncreep-fed yearlings.
4. Market price may be less for calves which are too "fleshy" or fat.
5. May mask differences in milk production.
6. Not recommended for replacement heifers as it may impair future milk production.
150
What is creep grazing?
Creep feeding, but with high quality forage.
151
Why is sickness highly likely in stockers?
Due to preconditioning having just occurred.
152
What is a receiving ration?
A highly digestible, highly palatable ration that is medicated.
153
What are the recommendations for receiving rations?
1. 80-85% dry matter.
2. 12.5%-14.5% crude protein.
3. 20-25% crude fiber.
4. 1.2-14% potassium.
5. 10-15 ppm copper.
6. 75-100 ppm zinc.
7. 2+ lbs. high quality hay/head/day.
154
When should water be offered to cattle that have just been received?
3-4 hours after arrival.
155
