Nutrition

Question 1

Energy definition and function

Answer 1

• capacity of a body or system to do work, measured in MJ. Comes from minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, fats( largest store of energy).
  Function- maintence of life
  maintence basal metabolism- heat production of the animal while it is at rest and not digest food.

Question 2

Energy sources and energy sources influence.

Answer 2

Carbohydrates in the form of muscle glycogen or blood glucose.
Fat in the form of muscle or plasma triglyceride, plasma free fatty acids, ketones.
Muscle storage ATP and phosphocreatine.
4 main energy sources- fats, proteins, cellulose( pectins, hemicellulose), hydrolyazble carbohydrate.
influence-intensity and duration of exercises, diet, muscle fiber composition, fitness.

Question 3

Energy systems

Answer 3

DIGESTIBLE ENERGY(DE)-
METABOLISABLE ENERGY (ME)-
NET ENERGY (NE)-

Question 4

Types of muscles involved in energy

Answer 4

Amount of ATP used by a muscle depends directly on how fast it is the muscle contraction.
SLOW TWITCH (type 1)- aerobic metabolism, ATP use in walking and burns fat.
INTERMEDIATE FIBRES(type 2a)- intermediate aerobic/ anaerobic metabolism, trot and canter switches to type 2a and 2b because of required energy is increased.
FAST TWITCH (type 2b)- anaerobic metabolism

Question 8

Water functions

Answer 8

Essential for body function
Nutrient movements in digestive tract
Heat regulation
Coating and lubricating joints

Question 9

water can be excreted…

Answer 9

feces
urine
evaporative
respiratory
sweat
lactation

Question 10

Water quality and its criteria

Answer 10

-PYSICAL CRITERIA: temperature, odor, color
-CHEMICAL CRITERIA- pH, hardness( hard water contains high concentration calcium and magnesium), TDS( total dissolved solids) salt content in water.
-PRESNCE OF MICROORGANISMS- Protozoa( causes diseases in horses, algae( odor and changes water colour), bacteria.

Question 11

Dehydration

Answer 11

Loss of total body water
failure or inability to drink
Failure to replace isotonic fluid
Hypovolemia
Loss of water + electrolytes
Horses with gastrointestinal loses (dirreha)
Nasogastric reflux
-15% dehydration can be fatal

Question 13

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 13

• Provide energy through oxygen
• Carbon supply for cell components synthesis
  -Formation of some cells and tissue structures
  -Utilization of stored chemical energy

Question 14

Structural carbohydrates

Answer 14

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin (indigestible and do not provide energy)

Question 15

Non structural carbohydrates

Answer 15

-starch and sugar
simple sugars
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides

Question 16

Fiber is important for:

Answer 16

-Maintenance of normal gastrointestinal
-Sources of energy in the VFA’S
-Slower intake compared to cereals, prevent diarrhea, coli
-Increased salvia production
-Greater stomach transit times

Question 17

Fructan

Answer 17

oligofructose, CHO
High in cold season, low in summer but highest in spring.
High in morning, highest in mid-day, lowest at night.
FOR AVOIDING HIGH FRUCTAN INTAKE IN HORSES:
-pasture at night
-Avoid overgrazing
- Prefer warm season hay

Question 18

Carbohydrate digestion and storage

Answer 18

digestion- may be hydrolyzed or fermented in the small or large intestine. storage- can be stored if body doesnt need to use them/

Question 20

Protein functions

Answer 20

-Muscle and bone growth
-Milk production
- Fetal growth
-Normal metabolisms
-measured with CP crude protein

Question 28

Probiotics

Answer 28

• a source of live naturally occurring microorganism, active modulator of gut flora.
  sources- lactic acid bacteria, yeasts.
  acts through-
  enhancing beneficial bacteria within the gut flora. Potentially prevent the development of pathogens during their passage through the intestial tract.

Question 29

Prebiotics

Answer 29

• A- non digestible feed ingredients that beneficially affects the host ‘‘by selectiviley stimulate the growth or activity of number of bacteria in the colon . ( passive modulator of gut flora).
  Sources- soybean meals, legumes, cereals, milk products, yeast cell walls.
  act through- promote metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria. Balance microbial fermentation into various short chain fatty acids which improves intestial barrier function.

Question 30

Calcium

Answer 30

• In bones and teeth plus metabolic functions.
• Absorbed into gut or the bones.
• Deficiency: movement problems, lameness, stiff gaits. Growing horses; rickets, orthopedic diseases (DOD).
  -Excess- g. h.- poor absorption of other minerals. H- abnormal bone deposition.

Question 31

Phosphorus

Answer 31

-Energy metabolism
- deficiency- loss of bone density.
-excess- miller disease.

Question 32

Magnesium

Answer 32

• Development and bone maintenance, metabolism.
• absorbed in small intestine and eliminated through urine.
• deficiency- not in h.
• contains in forages and grains

Question 33

Selenium

Answer 33

• Antioxidants
  -deficiency- white muscle d, reproductive problems, impaired immunity, tying up, muscular dystrophy.
  -excess- alkani disease

Question 34

Cooper

Question 35

Zinc

Question 36

Vitamin A

Answer 36

• Responsible for maintenance of vision at night. Bone, growth and reproduction health.
• deficiency- night blindness, keratinization of skin, infertility.
• sources- good quality hay, fresh forages

Question 37

D vitamin

Answer 37

• bone health/ structure, stimulation of intestial absorption of c.
• deficiency- ricket, lameness, swollen joints, stiffness.
  -excess- calcification of soft tissues, impact on liver and kidney health, bone abnormalities.
• sources- sun light.