Animal health/disease

Question 1

Mention causes for non-infections diseases in animal herds

Answer 1

Caused by:
Genetics
Nutritional and Metabolic
Intoxications
Trauma
Hypersensitivity
Auto-immune

Question 2

Equine metabolic syndrome (non-infections disease)

Answer 2

-being overweight (an inability to properly metabolize dietary carbohydrates)
Causes- 1. insulin resistance causes rise in insulin. 2.fat tissue causes inflammatory mediators(leptin resistance)
Symptoms- BSC-6-9; Cresty neck; Laminitis; increased appetite; infertility. Treatment- diet; exercise; thyroxin, metformin.

Question 3

Laminitis

Answer 3

-Inflammation of the corium of the hoof.
Causes- Equine metabolic syndrome and PPID; inflammation (metritis/mastitis) or trauma to the hooves.

Question 4

strangles (infectious diseases)

Answer 4

Cause- Streptococcus equi; highly contagious.
Symptoms: fever first; nasal discharges; swollen lymph nodes; low mortality; bastard strangles.
Transmission: direct- nasal discharges ; indirect- instruments, people, flies, water( survives in environment up to 9 weeks.
Prevention- quarantine, measure temperature’s, hygiene, vaccination ( foals 4 months- 4 y at risk), immunity after infection.
Outbreak control- isolation up to 1.5 m after recovery, measure temp. twice a day, quarantine new animals, hygiene- instruments, people, flies, water/

Question 5

PPID( Pars Pituitary Intermediate dysfunction)

Answer 5

• a dysregulation of hormone functions, low dopamine release, an increased size of pituitary par intermedia.
• ACTH triggers rise of stress hormone cortisol in adrenal gland.
  Symptoms: older horses( >15y), fat deposits(eyes), obesity, potbelly, curly long hair, laminitis, increased appetite, sweating, laziness, decreased resistance.
  Treatment- dopamine drug

Question 6

Bacteria

Answer 6

• one cell organism( has their own cells)
  -DNA AND RNA
  -Fast reproduction ( sexual also)
• no nucleus ( prokaryote)
• can live in a symbiosis with their host: commensalisms, mutualism, parasitic, can be pathogenic or not.

Question 7

Antibiotics

Answer 7

working mechanisms- stop DNA/ RNA replication, disturbing building/ construction of bacteria.
- antibiotics is drugs for treatment of bacterial infections

Question 8

Bacterial resistance against antibiotics

Answer 8

working mechanisms- inactivate the antibiotic, enzymatic destruction. Efflux of antibiotic: pump it out. Protection of the target: antibiotic cannot bind or perform.
-Resistance of bacteria against antibiotics can be instrinsic (natural) or acquired (adapted).

Question 9

Helminths

Answer 9

Parasitic worms: digestive system, lungs
Living in and feeding on living hosts
Multi cellular organisms
sexual reproduction: bisexual or hermaphrodite
multiple stages in their life

Question 10

Viruses

Answer 10

-Viruses take over the cells.
- can replicate inside the living cells of other organisms
-do not have cellular structure
- do not have their own metabolisms
- require a host cell to make new product.
- after infection leave host cell intact or transform or kill the host cell.
- High jacks host cell metabolism
-Builds own genetic material in genome of host cell.

Question 11

Equine influenza

Answer 11

symptoms: sudden high fever, coughing, weakness, and lack of appetite
-spreads rapidly through the stable
spreads through aerosol dispersion
highest risk in a situation were unrelated horses come together.
antibiotics do not help for influenza but are given as a prevention for secondary bacterial disease
- vaccination 2 doses, second v after 3-8 week’s, booster every 3-6 w.

Question 12

Equine herpes virus EHV/ Rhinopneumonia

Answer 12

2 types:
EHV1: abortion, airway infections, neurological problems.
EHV4: airway infections
Transmission: direct contact between horses, indirect- materials, humans. excretion- abortion materials, nasal discharges, carrier horse. Infection: inhaling.
Prevention- isolate risk group, measure temperatures, vaccination 2 times a year.