Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NICU Board Review Cards > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What trace elements should be removed with cholestasis

A

manganese and copper

Inc zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What trace elements should be removed with renal dysfunction

A

Selenium and chromium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which component of breastmilk serves as a prebiotic

A

Oligosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What proteins are primarily consumed by neonate

A

Whey
Casein

Whey: Casein ratio
Breastmilk 80:20
Colostrum 90:10
Mature milk 55:45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the essential AA (9)

A

methionine
threonine
tryptophan
branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine)
phenylalanine
histidine
lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the essential FA- derivative

A

linoleic (LA)- Arachinodic

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)- docosahexaenoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to diagnose essential fatty acid deficiency

A

triene:tetrene ratio (Holman index) with a value greater than 0.2 suggestive of biochemical EFAD,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It is essential for retinal and brain development

A

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (L-PUFA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Contraindication to breastfeeding

A
  • galactosemia
  • a mother with HIV
  • a mother with active HSV lesions on her breast
  • symptomatic TB
  • mothers who are using street drugs should not breastfeed

other drugs: lithium, methotrexate, radioactive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the glucogenic AA

A

Alanine
Glutamic acid
Aspartic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fetal water content increases/ decreases with GA

  1. TBW
  2. Extracellular
  3. Intracellular
A
  1. Dec
  2. Dec
  3. INC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Energy requirements (kcal/kg/day) for preterm infants to achieve normal growth

A

Enterally fed: 100-130
IV fed: 85-95
ESPGHAN: 115-130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protein content of preterm vs term formula

A

greater protein and whey:casein ratio in preterm formula

Whey has greater cystein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the largest AA concentration in human milk

A

Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calories for every gram of
1. CHON
2. CHO
3. Fat

A
  1. 4
  2. 3.4
  3. 9
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Protein requirements
- %total calories
- g/k/d

A
  • 7-15% of total calories
  • Start: 1.5-3 g/kg/day max 4g/kg/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is majority of dietary fat

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prevalent FA in human milk

A

Oleic and palmitic acid
DHA- variable among women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Essential FA deficiency findings

A
  • Scaly dermatitis
  • alopecia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • susceptibility to bacterial infection
  • failure to thrive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What component of lipid emulsion is the source of ALA and LA

A

Soybean oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the predominant carbohydrate in breastmilk

A

Lactose

Enhances absorption of Ca and Mg
promotes intestinal growth
In PT formula: some lactose replaced by corn syrup and short chain glucose polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CHO requirements: (GIR)
1. Preterm
2. Full Term

A
  1. 5-8 mg/kg/min
  2. 3-5 mg/kg/min

due to inc brain:body weight ratio, dec fat stores, inc total energy req

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which water soluble vitamin formed by precursor

A

Niacin
- from tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are vitamins cross the placenta

A

Water soluble: active transport
Fat soluble: simple or facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What vitamin is breastfed infant of vegetarian mother who do not ingest eggs/dairy products need or lack

A

Vitamin B12

26
Q

What vitamin deficiency for infants fed with evap or goats milk

A

folic acid

27
Q

Vitamin deficiency presents with megaloblastic macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Vitamin B12
Folate

Vit B12 CHO and fat metab
Folate coenzyme AA and nucleic acid metab

28
Q

It is recommended concurrently with iron to protect from iron-induced hemolysis

A

Vitamin E

Def: inc sensitivty of RBC to H2O2 and hemolysis; anemia and retic, thrombocytosis, neuro

29
Q

Vitamin important for pulmonary epithelial growth and cellular diff (role in CLD)

A

Vitamin A (retinol)

other: photophobia, conjunctivitis

30
Q

what vitamin deficieny presents with fatigue, irritability, constipation, cardiac failure?

A

Vit B1 (thiamine)

Associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase, maple syrup urine disease

31
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated with glutaric aciduria type I

A

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

failure to thrive, photophobia, blurred vision, dermatitis, mucositis

32
Q

Vitamin def presents with hypochromic anemia, seizures

A

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

associated with homocytinuria

33
Q

What trace element deficiency presents with anemia, neutropenia, osteoporosis, depigmented hair & skin, hypotonia and ataxia

A

Copper

Critical for production of RBC

34
Q

Where is iron predominantly absorbed

A

duodenum and proximal jejunum

35
Q

It presents as:
* failure to thrive/ poor growth despite adequate calories
* alopecia
* diarrhea
* dermatitis/rash (crusted, erythematous involivng face, extremiites and anogenital areas)
* ocular changes

A

Zinc

Preterm infants may not have acrodermatitis enteropathica

36
Q

It induces breast growth and ductal branching

A

Estrogen and HPL

37
Q

Hormone establishing and maintaning lactation

A

Prolactin

secreted by ant pit gland thoughout preg, estrogen and progesterone inhibit milk production

38
Q

Mediates milk ejection

A

oxytocin

via contraction of myoepithelium around milk ducts

39
Q

When is IgA highest concentration in breast milk

A

Early breastmilk

Colostrum inc amt of lymphocytes, macrophage and Ig

40
Q

Electrolyte content of breastmilk vs cows milk

A

dec Na, Ca, K, Cl, Mg, P

41
Q

Protein content of BM as it matures

A

Decreases

hind and foremilk has the same CHON
Dec AA in BM vs formula

42
Q

Which has greater amount of
a. CHO
b. Fats
in foremilk vs hindmilk

A

a. CHO foremilk
b. Fats- hindmilk

43
Q

It is the most variable component of breastmilk

A

Fatty acid and TG

provides lipases, greater LPUFA than formula

44
Q

True or false: amount of cholesterol in breastmilk is independent of maternal diet

A

True
- Has greater amount compared to formula

Cholesterol needed for tissue growth, precusor bile salts and steroids

45
Q

Premature BM vs term BM:
Protein and electrolytes

A

Increased

However, inadequate (inc Ca, Phos, Vit D)
Need human milk fortifier

46
Q

What decreases with pasturization of BM

A

IgA
Enzymes
Water soluble vitamins
Cellular activities
Bacterial growth except Bacillus cereus
Protein denaturalization

47
Q

Between term and preterm formula which nutrient is reduced

A

Lactose (less in PT formula)

The rest are higher or greater

48
Q

Difference of 10% vs 20% IL

A

10%
- lower TG,
- low calories/ml
- higher lipid:TG ratio (impairs lipid lipase)

49
Q

How many % of daily calories fats should provide

A

30-50%

20% IL ~ 2 kcal/ml

50
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Intake= protein intake *0.16
Lost= Urinary urea + est BM loss (4g)

Urinary urea= BUN*UO (mg/d)

0.16~ amt of N in every g of CHON

51
Q

what is the role of lactoferrin

A
  1. transports and absorb iron
  2. bacteriostatic
52
Q

What is energy intake recommendations for extremely-low-gestational-age neonates
1. enteral feeds alone
2. parental nutrition alone
3. receiving a combination of enteral feeds and parenteral nutrition.

A
  1. 120 to 130 kcal/kg/day
  2. 110 kcal/kg/day
  3. 110-120 kcal/kg/day
53
Q

What is the optimal ratio for CHO:fats

A

60:40

54
Q

Effect of excess glucose in TPN/diet

A

Increase lipogenesis- may further inc energy expenditure

Does not add lean muscle mass

55
Q

Management for short bowel syndrome who does not tolerate feeding advancement

A
  1. slower advancement
  2. Slower delivery
  3. switch to formula with higher fat content
  4. Refeed ostomy output to mucous fistula

rationale: if formula fed- higher osmotic load d/t corn syrup and lactose

56
Q

what is biochemical hallmark of refeeding syndrome

A

hypophosphatemia

  • think of IUGR received early parenteral nutrition with high AA now with deranged electrolytes
  • Mgt: temporarily dec AA
57
Q

Excessive weight loss in late preterm infants

A

more than 3% of birthweight at 24 hours or more than 7% by day 3.

supplementation with small quantities of expressed milk, donor breast milk, or infant formula:
5-10 mL per feed on day 1
10-30 mL per feed afterwards

58
Q

It is a mineral needed for cell proliferation, growth, and brain development

A

Zinc

chelates with cysteine and histidine to form zinc fingers, which are important for:
1. mRNA transcription
2. stimulates osteoblastic bone formation
3. involved in repair of oxidant lung injury

59
Q

What are the risk factors for hypertriglycerdemia

A
  1. ILE dose
  2. ILE oil composition
  3. pre-maturity
  4. fetal growth restriction
  5. low birthweight
  6. sepsis
  7. physiologic stress
60
Q

Based on the type of intralipid emulsion what is the dose to prevent essential FA deficiency

A

a. IL (100% soy bean): 0.5-1 mg/kg/day
b. SMOF (15% fish oil): 2.5-3 mg/kg/day
c. Omegaven (100% fish oil): 1g/kg/day

61
Q

What is the role of ILE in IFALD development

A

IV phytosterols are key drivers in the development of IFALD

dietary phytosterols have been shown to protect against HTG and hypercholesterolemia

NICU Board Review Cards (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions