Nutrition Flashcards
It is the assimilation by living organisms of food materials that enable them to grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce.
Nutrients
Function of Nutrients
Provide chemical energy for cellular processes;
Provide Organic building blocks for macromolecules that contributes to body structure; and
Provide Essential Nutrients that regulates chemical processes in the body. (Metabolism)
Types of Nutrients
Micronutrients and Macronutrients
are carbon-based compounds that can be metabolically processed into cellular energy through changes in their chemical bonds.
Macronutrients
are essential for carrying out bodily functions, but they are required by the body in lesser amounts.
Micronutrients
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
They sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings. Also called ‘Self-feeders’ or producers.
Autotrophic Organisms (Autotrophs)
They are unable to make their own food, thus they live on compounds produced by other organisms. Also called consumers.
Heterotrophic Organisms
The process of taking in food is called _______________
Ingestion
True or False:
Nutrition in animals depends upon the feeding habits of the animals.
True
feeding in which strains small organisms or food particles from the surrounding medium, i.e. water.
Filter Feeding (ex. Baleen of Whales)
feeding while living in or on their food source.
Substrate Feeding (ex. Caterpillar)
feeding by sucking nutrient-rich fluid from a living host.
Fluid Feeding (ex. Mosquito)
Feeding by eating relatively large pieces of food.
Bulk Feeding (ex. Humans and Snakes)
Four (4) distinct stages of Food Processing:
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination
A mode of nutrition where organisms “feed” without eating anything derived from other living beings.
Autotrophic
Amino acids that cannot be fabricated by the body and must be obtained from food.
Essential Amino Acids
The Eight amino acids required for Human Diet
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine.
(Human infants also need a ninth, Histidine.)
Although animals can synthesize many fatty acids, they lack the enzymes to form the double bonds found in certain required fatty acids. Instead, these molecules must be obtained from the diet.
Essential Fatty Acids (ie. Linoleic Acid found in seeds)
True or False:
Plants, unlike animals, do not have to obtain organic materials for their nutrition, although these form the bulk of their tissues.
TRUE
True or False:
By trapping solar energy in photosynthetic systems, they are able to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water.
TRUE
Required elements for a plant to complete its life cycle and produce another generation.
Essential Elements in Plants
Nonpathogenic bacteria (or fungi)that live between cells within the plant itself but do not form deep, intimate associations with the cells or alter their morphology.
Endophytes
Both ______________ and ______________ depend on nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids that are secreted by plant cells.
endophytic bacteria, rhizobacteria
True or False:
Endophytic bacteria and rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by a variety of mechanisms.
True
convert gaseous nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) making it an available nutrient to the host plant which can support and enhance plant growth, through nitrogen fixation.
Rhizobacteria
Also utilized to improve water and nutrient uptake, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.
Rhizobacteria
Increases the surface area for water uptake and also supplies the plant with phosphate and other minerals absorbed from the soil.
Mycorrhizae
The _______________________ also secrete growth factors that stimulate roots to row and branch, as well as antibiotics that help protect the plant from soil pathogens
fungi of mycorrhizae
Macronutrients in Plants:
Carbon (CO2): 45%
Oxygen (CO2): 45%
Hydrogen (H2O): 6%
Nitrogen (NO3, NH4): 1.5%
Potassium (K): 1%
Calcium (Ca): 0.5%
Magnesium (Mg): 0.2%
Phosphorus (H2PO4): 0.2%
Sulfur (SO4): 0.1%
Micronutrients in Plants:
Chlorine
Iron
Manganese
Boron
Zinc
Copper
Nickel
Molybdenum
The mantle of the fungal mycelium ensheates the root.
Ectomycorrhizae
No mantle forms around the root but microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Identify if the item is a Macronutrient or a Micronutrient.
Leucine
Macronutrient
Identify if the item is a Macronutrient or a Micronutrient.
Ascorbic Acid
Micronutrient
Identify if the item is a Macronutrient or a Micronutrient.
Calcium
Macronutrient
Identify if the item is a Macronutrient or a Micronutrient.
Linoleic Acid
Macronutrient
Identify if the item is a Macronutrient or a Micronutrient.
Vitamin D
Micronutrient
