Nutrition Flashcards
What is the ideal BCS for growth in puppies and kittens?
4/9 - 5/9
ribs easy to palpate with slight fat covering, waist easily noted and viewed from above, abdominal tuck evident
What is the ideal BCS for growth in foals?
4/9 - 5/9
slight ridge along back, faint outline of ribs or easily felt but not seen, fat can be felt around tailhead, hip bones not obvi discernable
withers, neck, and shoulders not obvi thin, rrounded and blending smoothly into body.
What is the ideal BCS for growth in beef calves?
5/9-6/9
What is the ideal BCS for growth in dairy calves?
> 3/5
which species milk has the greatest DM %?
least?
most DM% = cat
least DM% = equine
which species milk has the most CP?
least?
most CP = cat
least CP = equine
which species milk has the most fat?
least?
most fat = goat
least fat = equine
which species milk has the most sugar/lactose?
least?
most sugar = equine
least = dog
T/F: milk composition is influenced by breed, stage of lactation, and diet
true
T/F: All camelid milk is the same composition
false – camel milk is NOT similar to alpaca milk.
What are the 7 key nutritional factors for the neonate?
- water
- energy (influenced by milk fat, DM, and lactose)
- protein
- calcium
- phosphorus
- copper
- zinc
Describe a puppy/kittens diet during the following time periods/ages:
1-4 weeks –
2.5-4 weeks –
5-6 weeks –
8 weeks –
1-4 weeks – dam milk
2.5-4 weeks – add gruel (puppy diet + water/milk/MR)
5-6 weeks – gruel primarily
8 weeks – weaned, solid foods
What is the result of diluting milk replacer more than the package guidlines?
you are diluting calories, so you will need to compensate by adding volume.
What amount of milk replacer should be fed to neonatal foals and how often?
10% BW/day AF
increase to 20-25% BW/day AF
4-8x/day
What is creep feeding and when should you do it?
creep feeding is when you provide supplemental feed to animals that are still nursing prior to weaning.
To do so, you have to provide a means for the weanlings to get to the feed without the dams stealing it.
You should start this at 2-3 months for foals and 3-4 months for calves.
How much and how often should a neonatal puppy/kitten be fed during these time periods/ages –
1-2 wks old:
3-4 wks old:
1-2 wks old: 13-17mL/100g BW, 5-6x/day
3-4 wks old: 20-22mL/100g BW, 4x/day
in what circumstance should you NOT be feeding a neonate?
if they are hypothermic
When weaning, what should calves be fed?
transition from milk to calf starter
When weaning, what should foals be fed?
milk replacer pellets soaked in milk replacer
then transition to growth concentrate
how much weight do we expect puppies to gain?
they will double their birth weight by 7-10d
they should gain 1-3 grams/day/lb of anticipated adult weight
how much weight do we expect kittens to gain?
they should double their birth weight by 14 days
and gain 50-100 grams/week
how much weight do we expect foals to gain?
2.4-3.3 lb/week
how much weight do we expect calves to gain?
1-2 lb/day
If you observe diarrhea during the neonatal or weaning period, what should you do in regard to feeding?
reduce volume or dilute formula, then gradually return to the level that meets caloric needs.
__________ is an important non-genetic factor impacting skeletal development
nutrition
Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD) is a term that describes a collection of diseases that are characterized by abnormal endochondral ossification. What diseases are included?
hip dysplasia
osteochondrosis
osteochondritis dissicans
angular limb deformity
elbow dysplasia
physitis
wobbler syndrome
T/F: female cats grow faster than male cats after 20 weeks of age
false – male grows faster than female
Most cats reach adult body weight and skeletal maturity at ______ (age).
10 months
Foals reach 50% of their adult body weight by what age?
6 months
Describe the growth of dairy calves during the first 180 days
they will double their birth weight by 60 days
then gain 2.2 lb/day from 81-120d
then 2.0lb/day from 121-180d
What is the avg birth weight of a cow-calf?
70-85 lb
what is the avg weaning weight (6-10 months old) of a cow calf?
400-600 lb
what is the avg weight of a stocker/backgrounding beef calf at 10-14 months?
700-900 lb
what is the avg weight of a feedlot beef calf at 15-24 months?
1050-1350 lbs
How do you determine the energy requirements for puppies?
RER = 70 x BWkg ^0.75
Then, if small breed:
weaning-4 months: DER = RER x 3
5-7 months: DER = RER x 3.5
8-12 months: DER = RER x 2
if large breed:
weaning-4 months: DER = RER x 3
5-12 months: DER = RER x 2
>12 months: DER = RER x 1.8 (intact) or 1.6 (neutered)
How do you determine the energy requirements for kittens?
RER = 70 x BWkg ^0.75
Then,
weaning-4 months: DER = RER x 3
5-6 months: DER = RER x 2.5
7-12 months: DER = RER x 2
___________ can cause excess growth/rapid growth rate, changes to growth hormones and insulin-like GF leading to abnormal chondrocyte maturation, obesity, increased risk of joint disease, and reduced longevity.
Energy excess
What effect can being overweight have on an animal during growth and weaning?
mechanical cartilage damage
and adipose tissue is metabolically active, so the body will have increased state of inflammation.
_________ deficiency may increase the risk of developmental orthopedic disease because bone is 20% of this.
protein
______ deficiency can cause nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (increased PTH causes Ca to get pulled from bones, which leads to osteopenia and subsequently pathologic fractures.
calcium
calcium excess during growth and weaning period causes…
increased calcitonin, which transfers calcium into bone and leads to subsequent decreases in skeletal remodeling
Zinc, Copper, and manganese are key minerals for endochondral ossification because they are …
co-factors of enzymes
How many meals should a puppy eat per day before 4-6 months old? What about after 6 months?
4-6 months: 3-4 meals/day
after 6 months: 2/day
How many meals should a kitten eat per day before being spayed or neutered? what about after?
before: free choice
after: meal feed
How much DM should a weanling foals ration contain?
2.5% BW per day in DM
this contains water, forage, and concentrate
When using weight tape to measure a foal, what 2 things are you measuring to calculate the weight?
- body length (from point of shoulder to point of rump just below tail head)
- chest circumference/heart girth behind elbow
BW = (heart girth x heart girth x body length)/300
