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Bioleg Uned 2 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition provides:

A
  1. Energy to maintain life functions
  2. The raw materials to build and maintain structures
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2
Q

Where do living organisms get chemical energy from?

A

Nutrition

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3
Q

Autotrophic organisms

A

Makes their own food

using simple materials carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

Photoautotrophic organisms

A

Use light as the energy sorce and perform photosynthesis to produce complex organic compounds

holophytic nutrition

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5
Q

What’s the name of organisms that uses light as the energy sorce and perform photosynthesis?

A

Photoautotrophic organisms

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6
Q

Whats the name of organisms that makes their own food?

A

Autotropic organisms

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7
Q

Chemoautotrophic organisms

A

Uses the energy from chemical rections to produce complex organic compounds

prokaryryotes -peform chemosynthesis less efficient than photosynthesis

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8
Q

What’s the name of organisms that uses the energy from chemical rections?

A

Chemoautotrophic organisms

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9
Q

Hetrotrophic organisms

A

Cannot make their own food. They consume complex organic conpounds, so they are consumers

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10
Q

What’s the name of organisms that cannot make their own food?

A

Hetrotrophic organisms

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11
Q

Saprotrophic

A

They feed on dead/decay matter. Secrete enzymes on tomaterial out side the body for extracellular digestion.

All fungi and some bacteria

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12
Q

Whats the name of organisms that feed on dead matter. Secrete enzymes on to material out side the body for extracellular digestion.

A

Saprotrophic organisms

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13
Q

Parasitic

A

Obtain nutrition from another living organism (the host). A parasite’s host always suffers some harm

Endoparasites live in the body
Exoparasites lives outside the body

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14
Q

What’s the name of an organism that obtain nutrition from the host. A parasite’s host always suffers some harm

A

Parasitic

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15
Q

Holozoic

A

Ingests, digests and egest the indigestible remains. Food is processed inside the body, in a specialised digestive system.

-most animals
- specialised digestive system

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16
Q

Whats the name of organisms that ingests, digests and egest the indigestible remains.

A

Holozoic

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17
Q

Mutualistic

A

Interaction between individials of a different species. **Both organisms benefit **

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18
Q

Whats the name of the organism when both organisms benifis from interaction between individials of a different species.

A

Mutualstic

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19
Q

Name a holozoic unicellular organism

A

Amoeba

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20
Q

Explain the digestion of amoeba

A

Large SA:VR
-obtain nutrition by diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport across the cell membrane
-Take in molecules by endocytosis into food vaculoes, which fuse with lysosmes - digested by lysosomal enzymes
-Products of digestion absorbed into cytoplasm
-Waste egested by exocytosis

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21
Q

Name the parts of hydra

A
  • Mouth
  • tentacle with sting opening
  • endoderm
  • jelly layer
  • ectoderm
  • hollow body cavity
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22
Q

Hydra

A

-Diploblastic (2 layers) endoderm and ectoderm
-sting and paralise pray - easy to eat other animals
-Endodermal cells secrete - protease and lipase
-Pray is digested extracellular
-Products of digestion abosrbed into cells that line the endoderm
-egest waste through the mouth

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23
Q

How many openings to the tube gut?

A

2

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24
Q

Where does the digestion and absorption occur in the human digestive system?

A

in the gut - a long holow muscular tuble

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25
Q

What happens at the human mouth?

A

Ingestion

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26
Q

What happens in the human gut?

A

Digestion and absorption

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27
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

cutting and crushing by the teeth

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28
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes

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29
Q

Name 2 protein digestion enzymes

A
  1. Protease
  2. Peptidase
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30
Q

What part of a polypeptide does exopeptidase hydrolise?

A

hydrolises end of peptide bonds

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31
Q

What part of a polypeptide does endopeptidase hydrolise?

A

Hydrolises the middle bonds of a polypeptide

32
Q

Peristalsis

A

Moves food along the gut
-longitudinal muscles and circular muscles contract - creates waves

33
Q

Name 7 parts of the gut wall

in the oesophagus

A
  1. Serosa
  2. Longitudinal muscle
  3. Cuircular muscle
  4. Epithelium
  5. Submucosa
  6. Mucosa
  7. Lumen
34
Q

What’s the function of the seorsa

in the oesophagus

A

Outer layer
Protects the cut wall

35
Q

What’s the function of the longitudinal and circular muscle?

in the oesophagus

A

Behind the bolus, circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscles relax

36
Q

Where is the epithelium found in the gut wall?

in the oesophagus

A

Surounding the lumen

37
Q

What’s the function of the Submucosa

in the oesophagus

A

Contains blood and lymph vessels, which remove absorbed products of digestion

38
Q

What’s the function of the Mucosa

in the oesophagus

A

Secretes digestive juices and in others, absorbed digestive foods

39
Q

What’s the function of the epithelium

in the oesophagus

A

Epithelium secrets mucus, lubricating and protecting the mucosa - reduces friction

40
Q

What’s the general name for carbohydrate-digesting enzymes?
And name example?

A

Carbohydrase

Amylase- hydrolises starch
Maltaes- hydrolises Maltose

41
Q

Name of the enzyme that’s responsible for the digestion of fats

A

Lipase

Lipase brakes Tryglcerides into Glycerol and Fatty Acids

42
Q

What’s another name for the buccal cavity?

A

mouth

A mixture of mechanical and chemical digestion takes place

43
Q

What happens in the buccal cavity?

A

Lips, tongue, teeth work together
-capture + recive food
-cut, grind, chew food into smaller pices
-mix food with syliva - lubricates
-forms bolus to make swallowing easier

44
Q

Syliva in the buccal cavity

A

-slightly alkaine pH - optimum pH for enzyme activity
-contains the enzyme salivary amylase

45
Q

The oesophagus

A

transport food from the mouth to the gut

46
Q

Name the 1 extra part of the gut wall in the stomach

A

Oblique muscles - allow extra contractions

47
Q

Whats the difference between the mucosa in the oesophagus and the stomach?

A

Mucosa in the somach has large folds called rugae - increases surfae area
- also contains gastric pits

48
Q

What are the folds in the mucosa in the stomach called

49
Q

Chemical digestion in the stomach

A

action of enzymes and hydrochloric acid

acidic condition will give optimum pH for enzymes + kills bacteria

50
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

muscles contract and relax - churning (turning) the food

51
Q

What’s the name of the semi-liquid in the stomach?

52
Q

Where is gastric juice secreted from?

A

secreted from the glands in the depressions in th mucosa called the gastric pits

53
Q

What are the depressions in the mucosa called?

A

Gastric pits

54
Q

Zymogen/ cheif cells

in the stomach

A

Secretes enzymes

55
Q

Pepsinogen (inactive) activated by H+ ions (hydrochloric acid) creates what?

A

Pepsin
(endopeptidase)

56
Q

Oxytic cells

in the stomach

A

sectetes hydrochloric acid

HCl - lowers pH to around pH2
-optimum pH for peptide
-Kills most bacteria in food
-activates pepsin

57
Q

Goblet cells

in the stomach

A

secretes mucus
-protects the stomach wall from the enzymes
-lubricates the food

58
Q

Whats the pyloric sphincter?

A

-ring of muscles
-letting things in and out of the stomach

59
Q

Where in the body is the duodenum?

A

First 25cm of small intestine

60
Q

Where does the duodenum recive sectetions from?

A

The liver and the pancreas

acceserory organs

61
Q

Where is bile made, stored and passes through

A

-made in liver
-stored in gall bladder
-passes through the bile duct into the duodenum

62
Q

Bile emulsifies lipids. What does this mean?

A

Bile brakes up large globules into smaller globules, which increases the surfaces area- more enzymes can react

63
Q

Is bile alkaline or acidic and why?

A

alkaline
so it nutrelises the acid in the food coming from the stomach

64
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into the body throught the mouth

65
Q

Digestion

A

brake down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

66
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of molecules and ions through the gut wall into the blood

67
Q

Egestion

A

The elimination of waste not made by the body, including that cannot be digested, e.g cellulose

68
Q

What’s the function of endopeptidase in the duodenum?

Pancreatic secretion

A

Hydrolyses protein to peptides

69
Q

What’s the function of trypsinogen in the duodenum?

Pancreatic secretion

A

Inactive enzyme converted into the protaese tripsin by enterokinase

70
Q

What’s the function of Enterokinase in the duodenum?

Pancreatic secretion

A

Converts trypsinogen into tripsin

71
Q

What’s the function of amylase in the duodenum?

Pancreatic secretion

A

Digests any remaining starch to maltose

72
Q

What’s the function of lipase in the duodenum?

Pancreatic secretion

A

Hydrolyses lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

73
Q

Name 5 enzymes that the pancreas secretes

A
  1. Endopeptidase
  2. Trypisinogen
  3. Enterokinase
  4. Amylase
  5. Lipase
74
Q

Exept for enzymes what else does the pancreas secrete?

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate

75
Q

What does sodium hydrogen carbonate do in the duodenum?

A

Raises pH to make pancreatic juice slightly alkaline and contributes to:
* Neutralising acid from the stomach
* Provides optimum pH for emzymes to work efficiently

Bioleg Uned 2 (3 decks)

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