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Bioleg Uned 2 > Adaptation for Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Adaptation for Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The diffusion of gases down a concentration gradient across a respiratory surface, between an organism and it’s environment

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration until they are equally distributed (reach equilibrium)

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3
Q

What gases are involved in gas exchange?

A

Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide

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4
Q

Flatworm

A
  • Aquatic, flat, larger surface area than spherical worms
  • Large surface area to volume ratio - every part of body close to surface
  • Short diffusion pathway
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5
Q

Earthworm

A

-Terrestrial organism, cylindrical so m
smaller SA:VR than flatworms
- Skin is the respiratory surface - keeps moist by secreting mucus
- It has a low oxygen requirement because it’s slow moving + low metabolic rate
- Hemoglobin -blood caries oxygen around the body - maintains steep concentration gradient

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6
Q

Amoeba

A
  • Cell membrane is thin = rapid diffusion
  • Single celled = short diffusion pathway + large SA:VR
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7
Q

Amphibians

A
  • Inactive amphibian uses its moist skin for gas exchange
  • Skin is moist and permeable - well developed capillary network just below skin
  • Active amphibians use simple lungs - surface is highly folded which increases SA
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8
Q

Reptiles

A

-Skin is impermeable - they have lungs
- More complex folding in lungs than amphibians
- Ribs helps ventilation

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9
Q

Birds

A
  • Worm blooded - high respiration rate
  • lungs processes large amount of oxygen - flight requires a lot of energy
  • Ribs and wing muscles ventilates the lungs
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9
Q

Birds

A
  • Worm blooded - high respiration rate
  • lungs processes large amount of oxygen - flight requires a lot of energy
  • Ribs and wing muscles ventilates the lungs
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10
Q

How do mammals ventilate their lungs?

A

Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing. For air to enter the lungs, the pressure inside the lung needs to be under atmospheric pressure

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11
Q

Inspiration

A

Ribs and sternum raised
Diaphragm pulled down

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12
Q

Expiration

A

Ribs and sternum fall
Diaphragm raised

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13
Q

When inhaling

The external muscles …
Ribs move …
Diaphragm …
Thorax volume …

A

Contract
Upwards and Outwards
Contracts and flatten
Increase

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14
Q

When exhaling

The external muscles …
Ribs move …
Diaphragm …
Thorax volume …

A

Relax
Downwards and inwards
Relax and dome upwards
Decrease

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15
Q

When inhaling

Pressure in lungs …
Atmospheric air pressure…
Movement of air…

A

Reduce
Greater than pressure in lungs
Into lungs

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16
Q

When exhaling

Pressure in lungs …
Atmospheric air pressure…
Movement of air…

A

Increase
Less than pressure in lungs
Out of lungs

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17
Q

What is the gas exchange surface in mammals?

A

Alveoli

18
Q

Describe alveoli

A

Provide a large surface area relative to volume of the body
Moist for gasses to dissolve
Thin walls - squamous epithelium - short diffusion pathway
each alveolus covered by and extensive capillary network
Oxygenated blood is carried away from the alveolus and CO2 returns - maintains a steep concentration gradient

19
Q

What is Surfactant?

A

(anti sticking chemical) covers each surface of the alveoli
Its prevents the alveoli from collapsing
- Often given to premature babies to provent immature lungs from sticking together

20
Q

Gas exchange in the alveolus

A
  1. Deoxygenized blood enters the capillaries surrounding the alveoli
  2. Oxygen diffuses out of the air in the alveoli into the red blood cells in the capillary
  3. CO2 diffuses out of blood plasma in the capillary into the alveolar air, from where it is exhales
21
Q

The 2 different types of fish

A

Cartilaginous fish - made of cartilage e.g sharks

Bony fish - got bones

22
Q

Where do boney fish live?

A

Fresh or sea water

23
Q

What is the flap covering the gills in bony fish called?

A

Operculum

24
Q

Ventilation in bony fish

A

To take water in
1. Mouth opens
2. Operculum closes
3. Floor of mouth is lowered
4. Volume inside mouth cavity increased
5. Pressure inside mouth cavity decreases
6. Water flows in (external pressure is greater than internal pressure)

25
Q

How to force water over gills in bony fish?

A
  1. Mouth closes
  2. Operculum opens
  3. Floor of the mouth is raised
  4. Volume inside mouth cavity decreased
  5. Pressure inside mouth cavity increases
  6. Water flows out over gills (internal pressure is greater than external pressure)
26
Q

What is each gill supported by?

A

gill arch/ gill bar

27
Q

What are the thin projections along each gill called?

A

gill filaments

28
Q

On the gill filaments are the gas exchange surface. What is the gas exchange surface called?

A

Gill lamellae/ gill plates

29
Q

Gill lamellae / Gill plates

A

They provide a large surface area for gas exchange

(in water lamellae’s are separated, out of water they stick together causing the gills to collapse

30
Q

What is the flow mechanism in bony fish called?

A

Counter current flow mechanism

Blood from the gill capillaries flows in the opposite direction to water

31
Q

What is the flow mechanism in bony fish called?

A

Counter current flow mechanism

Blood from the gill capillaries flows in the opposite direction to water

32
Q

Counter current flow

A

Water always has a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood. Oxygen will move from a higher concentration in water, into the blood by diffusion, down a concentration gradient. Blood will always come across water that has a higher oxygen concentration than it.

33
Q

Cartilaginous fish

A

less efficient than bony fish - they have to keep swimming for ventilation to happen

34
Q

Direction of blood flow and water in bony fish

A

Opposite - counter current flow

35
Q

Direction of blood flow and water in cartilaginous fish

A

Same direction - parallel flow

36
Q

Parallel flow

A

Oxygen diffuses from a higher concentration in water into blood untill the cons=centration of oxygen in blood (has reached equilibrium).

37
Q

Insects

A

Terrestrial
To reduce water loss they have evolved rigid waterproof exoskeleton made of chitin which is covered by a waxy cuticle
They have a small SA:Vol ratio so can’t use diffusion for gas exchange

38
Q

What is the name of the holes that insects require for gas exchange

A

Spiracles - holes running along the side of the body

39
Q

Spiracles

A

They can open and close like valves which allows gas exchange to take place and they reduce water loss

40
Q

Spiracles lead into a system of ……

A

Branched, chitin lined air-tubes called tracheae, which branch into smaller tubes called tracheoles

41
Q

During periods of activity, such as flight what helps ventilate the tracheae?

A

Movement of the abdoment

42
Q

Explain gas exchange in insects

A

Gas exchange takes place at the end of the tracheoles. Oxygen dissolves into the fluid and diffuses directly into the cells so no respiratory pigment pr blood circulation is needed. CO2 diffuses out by the reverse prosses

43
Q

Gas exchange pathway in insects

A

ENTERS through the thorax spiracles
When the abdomen is expanded the thorax spiracles are open and the abdominal spiracles are closed. As the abdomen is compressed the thorax spiracles close and the abdominal ones open

Exits through the abdominal spiracles

Bioleg Uned 2 (3 decks)

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