Nutrition Flashcards
How many adults are overweight or obese?
1.9 billion
How many adults are underweight?
462 million
What is wasting?
Low weight-for-height for children
What is stunting?
Low height-for-age for children
How many children under 5 are wasted or extremely wasted?
69 million
How many children under 5 are stunted?
155 million
What percentage of under 5 deaths are linked to undernutrition?
45%
What is in a typical rural LIC diet?
Starch rich, legumes with little vegetables/fruit and little animal foods
Diet quality in LIC diets?
Bulky, low nutrient-energy density, low biodiversity
What micronutrient deficiencies are common in LIC setting?
Vitamins (A, B, C, E) and minerals (iron, zinc, phosphorus)
What is food security?
When all people have reliable access to a sufficient amount of nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate food
What are some way to measure malnutrition?
BMI, Z-scores, upper-arm-circumference
What can infections lead to in terms of malnutrition?
Depress appetite, worse absorption of nutrients, increased metabolism - can lead to worsened malnutrition
What can low birth weight, suboptimal feeding, micronutrient deficiency and stunting/wasting lead to?
Higher morbidity/mortality, cognitive underdevelopment which will effect education and then income
What can iron and folic acid supplementation for pregnant and lactating mothers lead to?
Reduction of anemia and maternal mortality
What can inadequate dietary intake in mothers lead to?
Higher risk for mortality (both), low birth weight
For how long should the child solely breastfeed?
6 months
What can good breastfeeding lead to?
Protection to gastrointestinal infections and to good growth. Also less likely to be obese
What is the vicious cycle of infection?
Infection leads to undernutrition which leads to higher risk of infections
What is Mararmus?
Severe wasting, loss of muscle and fat. Na-K pumps impaired
What is Kwashiokor?
Children 2-3 years with stunting and wasting - enlarged liver, infections
What does Vitamin deficiency lead to?
Blindness in LMIC (night blindness), impaired infection resistance
What is anaemia?
Lack of hemoglobin or red blood cells to transport oxygen
What can cause anaemia?
Lack of iron, Vitamin A and folate. HIV as well
What are symptoms of aenaemia?
Tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath
What is Zinc good for?
Growth and immunity
What can zinc deficiency lead to?
Increased risk for infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, ARIs and malaria
What does iodine do in the body?
Component of thyroid hormones that control cellular metabolism
What can iodine deficiency lead to (brain)?
Damage to brain and nervous tissue and then mental retardation and developmental abnormalities
What other things can iodine deficiency lead to?
Goiter, cretenism and IQ-lowering
What does nutritional transition mean?
existence of under- and over-nutrition
What are the four dimensions of food security?
Availability, economic and physical access, utilisation, stability over time
Why may climate change impact food security?
Plants will decrease in nutrition density, crops will die, weather events may create chaos
What societal factors can affect diet adequacy in adolescent girls?
Body image, early marriage, eating disorders
What can low serum cobalamin lead to?
Severe stunting
What can be done to replete cobalamin status?
Supplementation through food
Why is it better to treat malnourished children in communities instead of clinics?
Risk of infections at clinics and lack of resources
What is done after clinical evaluation for malnourished children?
30 g test dose is given to see how they respond
How is moderate malnutrition managed?
Adding nutrient rich foods to diet - fortified spreads
How long is the recovery time for moderate malnutrition?
4-6 weeks
How is uncomplicated severe malnutrition managed?
Ready to use therapeutic food
How is complicated severe malnutrition managed?
Stabilised in an inpatient facility, small amount of liquids every 2 hours, F-75 therapy, then as someone with uncomplicated severe malnutrition
What is children with severe malnutrition has sepsis?
Broad spectrum antibiotics
