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Bch202 > Nutrition? > Flashcards

Nutrition? Flashcards

1
Q

There are six types of nutrients:

List them

A 
●Carbohydrates
●Fats
●Proteins
●Vitamins
●Minerals
●Water
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2
Q

A food calorie = 1kcal

T/F

A

T

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3
Q

_____,___,____ provide energy and perform other important functions.

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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4
Q

When our body uses carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, energy is released: _____

A

calories

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5
Q

Simple carbohydrates are the different forms of sugar, which are (easy or difficult?) for the body to process.

A

easy

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6
Q

Simple carbohydrates

These sugars are ____,____,___,___

A

fructose and glucose , lactose, and sucrose

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7
Q

fructose and glucose (found in ____ and ______

Lactose (found in ___)

sucrose (refined and purified to produce _______).

A

fruits and vegetables

milk

table sugar

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8
Q

The most important simple carbohydrate to the body is ____

A

glucose

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9
Q

2 types of complex carbohydrates

??

A

Starch

Fibers

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10
Q

Dietary Fiber comes from _____ part of _____.

A

non-digestible

plants

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11
Q

There Are two types of dietary fiber: soluble and insoluble.

Soluble fiber combines with waste and other substances to _______

Insoluble fiber _______ and helps to ______

A

assist in their removal from the body.

absorbs water; provide needed bulk to the diet.

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12
Q

Soluble fiber

Found in: ___,____,___,____, and other vegetables).

Insoluble fiber

Found in: _____ and the ____ and____ of fruits and vegetables

A

oat bran, beans, apples, carrots

whole grains

skins and seeds

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13
Q

______ are the nutrients that contains the most concentrated form of energy.

A

Fats

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14
Q

Lipids are substances that are somewhat similar to carbohydrates, but they contain less ____ and they do not dissolve in ____.

A

oxygen

water

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15
Q

One gram of fat provides __________ as much energy as one gram of carbohydrate.

A

more than twice

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16
Q

_____ carry the flavor of foods

A

Fats

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17
Q

Saturated fats are usually ____ at room temperature. They contain ______ number of hydrogen atoms.

A

solid

maximum

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18
Q

______ oils, ____ , and ____ fats tend to be high in saturated fats.

A

Tropical

butter

animal

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19
Q

Unsaturated fats are those fats that are _____ at room temperature.

A

liquid

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20
Q

Olive oil and peanut oil are called _________ fats because they ___________

A

monounsaturated

lack one pair of hydrogen atoms.

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21
Q

Fish oils and most vegetables oils, are called ________ fats because they __________

A

polyunsaturated

lack two or more pairs of hydrogen atoms.

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22
Q

corn oil
soybean oil
sunflower oils

Mono or poly unsaturated

A

poly unsaturated

poly unsaturated

poly unsaturated

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23
Q

cholesterol, a waxy, ___ substance produced by body.

A

Fat-like

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24
Q

Cholesterol is not part of cell membranes and nerve tissues.
T/F

A

F

It is

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25
Q

Cholesterol is used by body to form _______ and other hormones. It is found only in foods that come from ______, such as ___,___,____

A

vitamin D

animals

butter, eggs, and meats.

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26
Q

Cholesterol

Essential or not

With reason

A

is not an essential nutrient because the body produces cholesterol in liver.

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27
Q

___,____,____are nutrients that work with the energy-providing nutrients to be sure that the body functions properly.

A

Vitamins, minerals, and water

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28
Q

______ is the most vital nutrient because it _______

A

Water

provides the means for all other nutrients to be carry throughout the body.

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29
Q

Vitamins, minerals, and water are digested by our body

T/F

A

F

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30
Q

Vitamins, minerals, and water provide energy

T/F

A

T

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31
Q

Vitamins are needed in (small or large?) amounts for life and growth and to prevent diseases.

A

Small

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32
Q

Vitamin ___ Promotes absorption of phosphorus and calcium to build and maintain bones

Between ADEK

A

D

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33
Q

Vitamin ____ Protects red blood cells

Between ADEK

A

E

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34
Q

Vitamin ___ Maintains healthy eyes, skin, bone growth and tooth development

Between ADEK

A

A

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35
Q

Vitamin ___ Assists in normal clotting of blood

Between ADEK

A

K

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36
Q

Vitamin ___ can possibly aid in cancer protection

Between ADEK

A

A

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37
Q

Vitamin __ stabilizes cell membranes

Between ADEK

A

E

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38
Q

calcification of bone and soft tissue is a sign of toxic levels of vitamin ____

Between ADEK

A

D

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39
Q

General digestive discomfort
is a sign of toxic levels of vitamin ____

Between ADEK

A

E

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40
Q

Anemia is a sign of toxic levels of vitamin ____

Between ADEK

A

K

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41
Q

dry skin, rashes, hair loss
is a sign of toxic levels of vitamin ____

Between ADEK

A

A

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42
Q

Rickets and malformation of teeth is a symptom of deficiency of vitamin ___

Between ADEK

A

D

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43
Q

Rupture of red blood cells, anemia, nerve abnormalities
Are symptoms of deficiency of vitamin ___

Between ADEK

A

E

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44
Q

Slow clotting of blood, hemorrhage especially in newborns Are symptoms of deficiency of vitamin ___

Between ADEK

A

K

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45
Q

Night blindness, eye-infections, rough skin, respiratory infections

Are symptoms of deficiency of vitamin ___

Between ADEK

A

A

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46
Q

Because ________________ , foods reach in ______ soluble vitamins must be eaten more often than foods with ___-soluble vitamins.

A

water-soluble vitamins are not stored by the body to any extent

Water

fat

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47
Q

Calcium keeps the _____ system working well and is needed for blood ____.

A

nervous

clotting

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48
Q

Osteoporosis is disease caused by ____ mineral deficiency.

A

calcium

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49
Q

Sodium and potassium help regulate the _________.

A

passage of fluids in and out of cells

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50
Q

Too much sodium in the diet may cause (high or low?) blood pressure , (increasing or reducing?) the risk of heart attack, stroke or kidney disease.

A

High

Increasing

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51
Q

Most sodium comes in ______.

A

food

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52
Q

Deficiency of potassium can lead to excess muscle strength and abnormal heart beat.

T/F

A

F

Muscle weakness*

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53
Q

The majority of the minerals needed for the body to function are only required in very _____ or ____ amounts.

A

small, or trace

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54
Q

Each day we lose ___ to____ of water and if this water is not replaced the body can dehydrate.

A

two to three quarts

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55
Q

Calcium (Ca) deficiency Disorders

    1. _______ in kids
    1. _______ in adults
    1. ______
    1. Muscular disorders like _____
    1. Skin disorders like tanning of skin?
A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Osteoporosis

tetany

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56
Q

Symptoms of bone diseases
•________ bone shape, bone ____, _______ , _____ legs,ets

•Muscle _____,____, or _____

A

Abnormal

pain

pigeon breast

board

cramps, spasms or tremors

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57
Q

Phosphorus deficiency
•______,_____,____

Symptoms
•_____ legs , ___ bones,bone ____ etc

Treatment
•1.Use of ___ products, egg yolk, legumes, nuts, and whole grains
•2. __ supplementation etc.

A

Rickets, Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia

Board; soft; pain

milk; Phosphorus

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58
Q

Phosphorus deficiency Presents like Ca deficiency

T/F

A

T

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59
Q

Iron deficiency

Disorders
•1._______ 2 _____ cancer 3. _____
•4. ____ menstruation in female etc.

Symptoms
• Feel (weak or strong?) and tire out more easily.
• Feel \_\_\_\_.
• Be \_\_\_\_\_ or cranky.
• Have headaches.
• Look very \_\_\_.
• Feel short of breath.
• Have trouble concentrating.
•Treatment
•1.Use of \_\_\_ rich food
•2.\_\_\_\_ supplementation etc
A

Anemia

Colon

Fatigue; Over

Weak; dizzy; grumpy; pale

Iron; Iron

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60
Q

Goitre: iodine deficiency

  • Large goitres will result in difficulty with ____ and ____
  • Can lead to ____________ in children
  • Treatment: _____ and some vegetables contain iodine
  • Iodized salt is specifically made to prevent having an iodine deficiency
A

breathing and swallowing

mental retardation

seafood

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61
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Calcium

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62
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause hair loss

A

Iodine

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63
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause hyposmia

A

Zinc

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64
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause insomnia

A

Magnesium

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65
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause hypokalemia

A

Potassium

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66
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause high cholesterol

A

Chromium

67
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause digestive disorders

A

Sodium

68
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause short breath

A

Iron

69
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause acrodermatitis enteropathica

A

Zinc

70
Q

Deficiency of _____ and ____ mineral can cause poor memory

A

Iron and magnesium

71
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause diabetes?

And what type?

A

Chromium

2

72
Q

Deficiency of _____ mineral can cause high blood pressure

A

Chromium

73
Q

Vitamin A Disorders
•____ blindness,___ hair growth, _____ of appetite,
• ____ resistance to infection, __ eyes etc.
Treatment
•Use of milk, butter, eggs, chicken, kidney, liver, fresh oil
•Vit. A supplementation

A

Night

reduced

loss

low

dry

74
Q

Xerophthalmia: Vitamin A deficiency

-Is when The eye __________________
•Leads to a dry ________ , and can lead to corneal ____, night ______ , or blindness from ____ damage
•Treatment: Vitamin A is ___-soluble, fatty staples such as _____ can be fortified
•Sweet potatoes, carrots, dark leafy greens, and some squashes and melons are high in Vitamin A

A

fails to produce tears

conjunctiva; ulceration

blindness; corneal

fat; margarine

75
Q

Pellagra: ___________ deficiency

•Four main indicators: _____,____,____,______

-Death occurs after - years if left untreated

A

niacin (Vitamin B3)

diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, and death

4-5

76
Q

Niacin is a precursor to ____ and ____, which are essential in cell metabolism

A

NADH and NADPH

77
Q

Kashin-Beck disease: _____ deficiency
•Symptoms: atrophy and degeneration of ____
•Occurs in _____ and _____ where soil is ____-deficient

A

selenium

cartilage

northern Russia and China

selenium

78
Q

Rickets:____,_____,____,_____ deficiency

A

Vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, or calcium

79
Q

Scurvy:_______ deficiency

  • Symptoms: ________ skin, ____ gums, ____ resistance to infection
  • Can result in ______ or death
A

ascorbic acid

dark-spotted

bleeding

lowered

neuropathy

80
Q

Ascorbic acid is necessary to synthesize ______

A

collagen

81
Q

Vit. B (complex) deficiency
Disorders
• _____, Anxiety, ___ problems, anemia, ____ sores, ____ damage etc.
Treatment
•Use of banana, dates, dairy products, fish, figs, seeds etc

A

Beriberi

Visual

Mouth

Nerve

82
Q

Cognitive declining can be as a result of _____ nutrient deficiency and basically means??

A

Fat

Rapid ageing

83
Q

Mwod wing can be as a result of _____ nutrient deficiency and basically means the ______ gland stops producing ______ and the low volume of that causes alteration to a person’s _____ leading to ____

A

Carbohydrates

Pineal gland

Serotonin

Mood

Depression

84
Q

Carbohydrate deficiency causes reduced stamina

T/F

A

T

85
Q

Carb deficiency decreases ketosis

T/F

A

F

Increases it

86
Q

When infants below one year are weaned from breast milk and fed with less nutritive food , can develop ______

A

Marasmus

87
Q

Deficiency of ______ vitamin B causes anaemia and convulsions

A

6, pyridoxine

88
Q

Deficiency of ______ vitamin B causes pernicious anaemia and nerve damage

A

12 , cobalamine

89
Q

Deficiency of ______ vitamin B causes ariboflavinosis and visual problems

A

2

Riboflavin

90
Q

Deficiency of ______ vitamin B causes beriberi

A

1

Thiamine

91
Q

Types of Fats

vegetable oils
dairy products
meats
nuts
lard
palm oils
coconut
fish

Answer with Saturated or Unsaturated

A 
Unsaturated 
Saturated 
Saturated
Unsaturated 
Saturated 
Saturated 
Saturated 
Unsaturated
92
Q

____ vitamin Acts as an antioxidant to protect cell membranes

Out of ADEK

A

E

93
Q

1 kilocalorie (calorie) =______ joules.

A

4185.8

94
Q

Carbohydrates -__ kcal per gram

A

4

95
Q

Nutritionally, ___ccharides are favored over ___saccharides because they are more ___ and therefore take ____ to break down and be absorbed into the bloodstream; this means that they do not cause major spikes in ____levels, which are linked to heart and vascular diseases.

A

polysa

mono

complex

longer

blood sugar

96
Q

Proteins - __ kcal per gram

A

4

97
Q

Fats - __ kcal per gram

A

9

98
Q

Fats are ____ molecules of fatty acid combined with a molecule of the ________

A

three

alcohol glycerol.

99
Q

Fatty acids are ____ compounds while triglycerides are ____ molecules

A

simple

complex

100
Q

Fiber consists mostly of _____ nutrients .

A

carbohydrates

101
Q

Water
•About ____ percent of the non-fat mass of the human body is water.

somebody who consumes a lot of salt will require (more or less ?) water than another similar person

A

70

More

102
Q

Small children and infants do not have a well developed _______ , and therefore are more vulnerable to infection.

In addition they have a larger ____ compared to their body ____.

A

body nutrient store

surface area

size

103
Q

The growth rate is very high right after birth (infancy).
T/F

Then the growth rate slows down until the age of ___ years. At about ____ years (the pubertal period) there is a sharp rise in growth rate/velocity. After that, the growth rate slows down again.

A

T

12–14

15–16

104
Q

Requirements for macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) and micronutrients are higher on a per kilogram basis during _____ and ____ than at any other developmental stage.

A

infancy and childhood

105
Q

Energy
•While most adults require __-___ calories per kg

a __ kg infant requires more than ___ kilocalories per kg (430 calories/day).

Infants of four to six months who weigh 6 kg require roughly ____ kilocalories per kg (490 calories/day).

Children of _____ years require approximately __ kilocalories per kg (990 calories/day). Energy requirements (rise or decline?) thereafter and are based on weight, height, and physical activity

A

25–30

4 ; 100

6; 82

one to three; 83

Decline

106
Q

As an energy source, manufactured formula milk offers significant advantages over breastmilk

T/F

A

F

Flip it

107
Q

Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk for obesity, and few allergies

T/F

A

F

a wide range of allergies*

108
Q

Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk for diabetes.

T/F

If T, which type
If F, why not

A

T

type 1

109
Q

Breastmilk is less costly than formula feeding.

T/F

A

T

110
Q

Evidence is clear that bone calcium accretion increases as a result of _____ rather than from increases in _____

A

exercise

calcium intake.

111
Q

Adulthood

Males require more of vitamins __,__,__,__,__ and___ element

Females require more ___ element, compared with males of similar age.

A

C, K, B1, B2 and B3,

zinc

iron

112
Q

Women who do not gain enough weight often have babies that _______ (________).

A

weigh too little

low birth weight

113
Q

A baby weighing less than 2.5 kg has an increased chance of both ______ and _______ problems. It may also suffer more from ____ and _____ compared with babies of normal weight.

A

physical and mental health

infection and malnutrition

114
Q

Increased nutrients required during pregnancy

•Increased requirements: energy, protein, essential fatty acids, vitamin __, vitamin __, B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, folate), _____,____,____,____,____,___

A

A, C,

calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper and iodine.

115
Q

Women should gain at least ___ kg during pregnancy .

A

11

116
Q

If a mother is overweight, she still needs to gain for her baby’s health.

T/F

A

T

117
Q

Women’s nutrition during pregnancy and lactation should focus on the three micronutrients (_____,____, and _____ ) and extra energy intake/reduction of energy expenditure

A

vitamin A, iron and iodine

118
Q

Pregnant women need at least ___ additional meal (___ Kcal) per day during the pregnancy.

A

one

200

119
Q

Pregnant women shouldn’t eat iodised salt in their diet.

T/F

A

F

They should

120
Q

Pregnant women during the _____ trimester of pregnancy should be de-wormed.

A

third

121
Q

Increased nutrients required during lactation

Increased requirements: vitamins ___,___,___ and all __ vitamins, and ____ (applies only to individuals under age 18).

A

A, C, E,

B

sodium

122
Q

Which gender requires more Calories

A

Men requires more Calories than Women

123
Q

CALCIUM
•It is recommended that women age 31 to 50 should consume _____ mg of calcium per day, while men of the same age group should consume _____ mg.

A

1,200

1,000

124
Q

PROTEINS:

According to several research studies, it has been found that middle-aged men require at least about ____ grams of protein intake per day and for women the daily requirement of protein is __ grams.

A

56

46

125
Q

_____ is the cheapest nutrient

A

Water

126
Q

Carbohydrates

•Account for ______% of the feeds normally consumed by animals.

A

65-80

127
Q

_____ is the most abundant energy source in the world.

A

Cellulose

128
Q

Examples of Startch

•_____,______,____

A

Amylose, Amylopectine, Glycogen

129
Q

Stages of development

•Maintenance: Support of an animal when doing ____ and yielding ______

Nearly ______ of feed consumed by animals is used for maintenance with the remainder fulfilling the needs of the other functions or towards the production of meat, milk, wool or work.

A

no work

no product.

one-half

130
Q

Stages of development

Growth: The general development of an animal from ____ until it has reached _____.

A

the time it is born

maturity

131
Q

Stage of development
•Reproduction: This time period is from _____ until ______

•Production:it is vital the proper amount of feed with the correct mixture of ingredients be fed for these animals. As animals become older and fatter, they consume (more or less?) feed and use more for _____. It is imperative that proper quantity and quality of feeds be fed to producing animals to yield the best net returns for the feed fed.

A

conception

the birth of the new animal.

Less

maintenance

132
Q

Feed given for _____ is the most costly portion

A

production

133
Q 
Features Common to all Amino Acids
•\_\_\_\_\_\_ carbon
•\_\_\_\_\_\_ group
•\_\_\_ group
•\_\_\_\_\_ group (“\_\_\_” group)
A

Central

Amino or amine

Acid

Side; R

134
Q

complete protein, which contain _____ essential amino acids.

incomplete proteins means that they are ___________

A

all nine

missing at least one of the essential amino acids.

135
Q

Most (animal or plant?) proteins are incomplete

A

Plant

136
Q

some plant-based foods, such as _____,_____, and _____ , are complete sources of protein.

A

quinoa , soybean and buckwheat

137
Q

plant-specific nutrients, called _______ , and some ______ are (present or absent?) from sources of animal protein.

A

phytonutrients

antioxidants

Absent

138
Q

Only _____-based foods contain fiber, which helps to keep the _____ system balanced.

A

plant

digestive

139
Q

two main reasons why whey is recommended to build muscle

  • First, whey is a (complete or incomplete ?) protein
  • Secondly, whey proteins are abundant in ____________ which are a subset of EAAs that support muscle growth.
A

complete

Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

140
Q

Current research is:

Try to eat ,

___ gram of protein per kilogram of bodyweight per day.

increase your protein intake to ____ grams per kilogram if you want to put on muscle

A

1

2-3

141
Q

Beginning around the age of ___ , you begin to lose up to ___% of your muscle mass per decade, a condition known as sarcopenia.

A

40

3-5

142
Q

Research shows that the average person can absorb about ___g of protein per hour, and maxes out at about ___g per meal.

A

10

30

143
Q

Protein should make up About ____% of our total daily

A

8-10

144
Q

Cholesterol?
•Cholesterol is fat.
•It contributes to the digestion of ___ nutrient and the skin’s production of ___
•All animals also have the ability to manufacture cholesterol.

A

F. It’s not

Fat : vitamin D.

T

145
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids
•Appear to raise the level of _________ in the bloodstream

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
•Fats that seem to lower _______ in the blood stream

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
•Appear to ______________

A

LDL (“bad”) cholesterol

total cholesterol levels.

lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and help raise levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol.

146
Q

Essential fatty acids

They are both ______ fatty acids.

They are found in the natural oils of ___ and___

A

polyunsaturated

plants and fish.

147
Q

Hydrogenation

•This forms a new type of fatty acid called _______ acid that have many of the same properties as ______ fats.

A

trans fatty

saturated

148
Q

No more than _____ % of a person’s total calories should come from fat sources.

No more than ___% (22 grams) of the total fat should come from saturated fat

•___ % (44 grams) should be from monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat sources

A

30

10

20

149
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

•Food sources: many vegetable oils, such as ____ oil, ____ oil and ____ oil.

A

corn

soybean

Safflower

150
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

______

______

A

Linoleic, Linolenic

151
Q

Animal fats are high in _____ fatty acids

Vegetable fats are high in _______ and _______ fatty acids

A

saturated

unsaturated and polyunsaturated

152
Q

Cholesterol

Body manufactures ____ mg day

A

1000

153
Q

Vitamin C functions

_____ synthesis

powerful _______

________ gland function

___ absorption

______ conversion

A

collagen

antioxidant

adrenal gland

iron

folic acid

154
Q

Approximately ____ ml (- cups) of water is needed each day

A

1,000

4−8

155
Q

Which contains more water

Muscle or fat

A

Muscle contains more water than fat

156
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-Energy needed to _______

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)-measurement that accounts for ____ plus _______. Accounts for _____% of our daily needs

A

maintain life

BMR

energy needed to digest food & perform mild activity.

60-70

157
Q

Common in sub-Saharan Africa

_/3 of all children that are less than __ years old are underweight

___% of children are with low height for age

A

1; 5

38

158
Q

Underweight: Low ____ for ___ compared to reference standard, a composite measure of ___ and ___

Stunting: Low _____ for ____ compared to reference standard, an indicator of ___ or past ____

Wasting: Low _____ for _____, an indicator of ____-term _______

A

weight; age; stunting and wasting

height for age ; chronic ; growth failure

weight for height; short; nutritional stress

159
Q

___________

Is the Most common type of anemia

Caused by _____,_____, and inadequate ____ and _____ intake resulting in low _____ levels

Affects mainly children ___ years old and _____ women

Detected by measuring blood ____ levels

A

Nutritional anemia

malaria, hookworm

iron and vitamin; hemoglobin

< 5; pregnant

hemoglobin

160
Q

drinking coffee or tea with meals

Good or bad

A

Bad

161
Q

How many teaspoon of iodine is needed over lifetime

A

Only 1 tsp. needed over entire lifetime

162
Q

Iodine

More in highlands o lowlands

A

Lowlands

163
Q

_____ is the leading cause of blindness in children < 5 years old

A

Vitamin A deficiency

Bch202 (3 decks)

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