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Bch202 > Clotting > Flashcards

Clotting Flashcards

1
Q

vit k is an essential _____ for _____ enzyme involved in the production of ______ and _____

A

coenzyme

carboxylase

prothrombin and blood clotting factors

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2
Q

Carboxylase enzyme requires carboxylation of the _______ at _____ carbon of the factors

A

glutamic acid

gamma

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3
Q

carboxylated prothrombin contains —— carboxylate groups

A

2

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4
Q

coagulation system in humans is normally in a (static or dynamic?) state

A

Dynamic

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5
Q

COAGULATION

-is the process by which blood looses its ____ and becomes a ____

A

fluidity

jelly like mass

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6
Q

TYPES OF THROMBUS
White thrombus=
-_____+____+_____
-common in places where blood flow is _____(_____)

A

platelet + fibrin + low rbc

rapid

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7
Q

TYPES OF THROMBUS

Red thrombus

  • ____+____
  • resembles clot formed in a ____
  • common in ____
A

red blood cells + fibrin

testube

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8
Q

TYPES OF THROMBUS

Fibrin deposits
-common in ____

A

capillaries

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9
Q

NATURAL BODY MECHANISM

-secretion of ____ and ____

A

prostacyclin

nitric oxide

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10
Q

heparin sulfate in the blood binds to _____ to _______ clotting factors ____,___,__,___,___ (covers ___% of antithrombin activity)

A

antithrombin3

inhibit or degenerate

7,9,10,11 and 12

75

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11
Q

________ contributes most of the rest of the antithrombin activity

A

2-macroglobulin

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12
Q

_______ and _______ are minor inhibitors under physiologic conditions

A

heparin cofactor 2 and 1-antitrypsin

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13
Q

thrombomodulin binds to _____ to activate ______ that would inhibit clotting factors ___ and ___

A

thrombin

protein C

5 and 8

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14
Q

HEPARIN

  • produced by the ____
  • an (acidic or alkaline?) ____ that _____ ———
  • Destroyed by ____
  • binds to a specific _____ site of _____
  • induces a conformational change to promote its binding to —— and other substrates
A

liver

acidic

proteoglycan

sulfates glycosaminoglycans

heparinase

cationic

antithrombin 3

thrombin

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15
Q

strongly cationic polypeptides such as ______ can be used to antagonize heparin by binding to it and not letting it bind to the other guy;works almost _____

A

protamine

instantaneously

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16
Q

THROMBIN

-thrombin helps to activate ____

A

protein C

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17
Q

protein _+ protein _ helps to degrade clotting factors ___ and ____

A

C

S

5 and 8

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18
Q

those who are genetically deficient in protein C or S can have _____ ———

A

venous thrombosis

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19
Q

thrombin (inhibits or activates?) factor 5 by (positive or negative?)?feedback mechanism

A

Activates

Positive

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20
Q

VASCULAR SPASM

  • your blood vessels are trying to ___
  • vaso____
  • _____ produced by the blood vessels initiates contraction of the blood vessels
  • direct trauma to the smooth muscles after the blood vessels leads to a _____ response that initiates _____
  • direct trauma to the pain receptors (noiceoreceptors) or inflammation in that area also leads to the production of things like ______,_____ etc and these stimulate the pain receptors to cause pain that would lead to ____ of the blood vessels
A

contract

constriction

endothelin

myogenic; contraction

histamine, prostaglandins,

contraction

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21
Q

PLATELET PLUG FORMATION

  • your blood vessels produce _____ at the needed site
  • platelets love it and attach to it
  • the secretion of ____,____,_____ etc by the platelets makes the vwf more attractive to the other platelets
A

vonwildebrand factor

ADP,thromboxane,serotonin,

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22
Q

the receptor that lets the platelet bind to the von wildebrand factor is ____________

A

glp1b-9-5

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23
Q

the receptor that lets the platelet bind to other platelet is _____,___, and ___

A

glp2b , 3a and fibrinogen

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24
Q

platelet aggregating factor is accelerated by platelet ______ factor

A

activating

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25
Q

CLOTTING GAN GAN
-the _____ compound found on the membrane of the platelets (plug?) form a ____ charge to initiate (intrinsic or extrinsic ?) factor

A

phosphatidylserine

negative

intrinsic

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26
Q

liver produces few clotting factors

T/F

A

F

Plenty clotting favo

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27
Q

INTRINSIC

  • the process of coagulation done by _____
  • takes ____
  • can be initiated by ____tively charged surface in _ like glass
A

the blood itself

minutes

nega

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28
Q

Intrinsic Clotting

\_\_\_ gets activated to \_\_(\_\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_)
\_\_gets activated by \_\_ to \_\_\_(\_\_\_)
\_\_ gets activated by \_\_ to \_\_(\_\_\_\_)
\_\_combines with \_\_,\_\_,\_\_ to give us \_\_
\_\_\_+ \_\_ + \_\_\_ +\_\_ =\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

12; 12a ; kalikrein,Kinogen

11; 12a ; 11a; kinogen

9; 11a; 9a; calcium

9a; 8,pf3,Ca; Xa

Xa; 5; pf3; ca; prothrombin activator

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29
Q

Intrinsic clotting part 2

Prothrombin activator + 2 = ___(___)

2a converts soluble fibrinogen to _____
2a also activates ___ to ___ to turn ___ into _____(____)

A

2a; thrombin

insoluble fibrin

13 to 13a

fibrin

fibrin mesh ; calcium

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30
Q

EXTRINSIC

  • the _____ are the ones that start this route
  • occurs in _____
  • 3 activated ___ to ___
  • __ can activate __to___
  • ___ can also convert __ to ___
A

damage tissues

seconds

7 to 7a

7a

9 to 9a

7a; x to Xa

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31
Q

fibrinogen becomes fibrin by the (loss or gain ?) of ____ sets of _____ from fibrinogen

A

loss

2

polypeptides

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32
Q

CLOT RETRACTION AND REPAIR

  • the platelets ____ so as to bring the two sides of the damaged _____ together
  • they also secrete _______ to stimulate mitosis or proliferation in damaged smooth muscles, etc
  • also stimulate _________ to regenerate the damages endothelial lining
  • _____ oozes out of the clot during this
  • it’s the action of contractile protein like ___,___,____
A

contract ; endothelial lining

platelet derived growth factor

vascular endothelial growth factor

serum

actin, myosin, and thrombosthetin

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33
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS

  • _______ activates ____ to plasmin
  • plasmin ______ the ___ and releases some ___,____ etc
A

tissue plasminogen activator

plasminogen

degrades/eats up; thrombus

fibrinogen, D-dimer,

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34
Q

tissue plasminogen activator(a _____ ——)

plasminogen(________ Da)

plasmin (a _________ )

A

serine protease

90k

serine protease

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35
Q

D-dimer is important for _____ to know if someone has had a ____

A

diagnosis

clotting Kini

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36
Q

under normal conditions, plasmin is inactivated by ______ called _________

A

plasmin inhibitor

ã2-antiplasmin

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37
Q

so, plasmin binds to ___ as the __ is being formed to protect itself from ____

A

fibrin

clot

Antiplasmin

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38
Q

tissue plasmin activator is inhibited by ____ and ____

A

factor 5 and factor 8

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39
Q

Heparin: it would enhance the function of ______

A

antithrombin3

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40
Q

Heparin drug works in vivo or in vitro?

A

Both

in vivo and in vitro

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41
Q

_________,________,______ inhibits ADP

Aspirin(a ____ inhibitor) inhibits _____ and ____

A

clopielogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor

cox1; thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin

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42
Q

Abciximab inhibits _________

pradaxa inhibits ____

A

glp2b and 3a

factor 2

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43
Q

warafarin: prevents some proteins like _____ and ____, and clotting factors like ________ that need vitamin __, from getting vitamin ___

A

protein C and S

2,7,9, and 10

K

K.

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44
Q

Warfarin is an oral anticouagulant

Warfarin is used in vitro only

T/F

A

T
F

It’s in vivo

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45
Q

EDTA- removes ____ from blood

8) Oxalates-removes ____ from blood
9) citrates-removes ____

A

calcium

calcium

calcium

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46
Q

EDTA is used in vivo or in vitro?

Oxalates is used in vivo or in vitro?

Citrates is used in vivo or in vitro?

A

Both ; in vivo and in vitro

In vitro

in vitro

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47
Q

________ form of anti coagulants is used in a blood bank

A

Citrates

48
Q

peptone,C-type lectin from _______

dabigatran inhibits ____

A

snake’s venom

thrombin

49
Q

hirudin from ___________ ————-

rivaroxaban,apixaban, etc inhibits ____

A

hirudinaria manillensis

50
Q

protein C contain Gla(gamma-carboxyglutamate) residue but protein S doesn’t

T/F

A

F

They both do

51
Q

tissue plasminogen activator is (active or inactive?) until it’s ______

A

Inactive

bound to fibrin

52
Q

kallikrein can’t activate urokinase

T/F

A

F

It can

53
Q

factors ____ and ____ can activate plasmin

A

12 and 11

54
Q

urokinase and thrombin are from the _____

tpA is from the _______

A

blood

endothelium

55
Q

Is kininogen from bradykinin

Or

Kalikrein is from bradykinin

Or

bradykinin is from kininogen

Or bradykinin is from kalikrein?

A

bradykinin is from kininogen

56
Q

PROCOAGULANTS

  • _____
  • ______(ikr, pick a side)
  • extracts of ______; they have ____
  • sodium or calcium alginate act by activating ____
  • oxidized cellulose, act by ___
A

thrombin

snake venom

lungs and thymus

thromboplastin

hageman

hageman

57
Q

So,
aPTT is used for (intrinsic or extrinsic ?) and ____
PT is used for (intrinsic or extrinsic?) and ____

A

Intrinsic ; heparin

Extrinsic; warfarin

58
Q

Things that Need Vk

???

A

Factor 2,7,9,10

Protein C and S

59
Q

Antithrombin 3 inhibits ___,__,___,___,__

A

7,9,10,11,12

60
Q

Protein C and S inhibits ???

A

5 and 8

61
Q

Coumarin inhibits ???

A

2,7,9,10,C,S

62
Q

Thrombin inhibits ??

A

5,8,7,13,1,11

63
Q

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of clotting are independent

T/F

A

They aren’t

64
Q

The extrinsic pathway is initiated at the site of tissue injury with the exposure of ________ , located in the ___ and on activated ____.

A

tissue factor

subendothelium; monocytes

65
Q

In extrinsic pathway

TF interacts with and activates factor __ , synthesized in the liver.

A

VII

66
Q

in the Gla-containing zymogens (factors __,__,__,__), the Gla residues in the ____ terminal regions of the molecules serve as ______ binding sites for Ca2+.

A

II, VII, IX, and X

amino

high-affinity

67
Q

In extrinsic pathway

TF acts as a cofactor for factor ____, enhancing its enzymatic activity to activate factor __ .

The reaction by which factor X is activated requires the assembly of the extrinsic tenase complex (___-___-____) formed on a cell membrane surface exposing the procoagulant (anionic or cationic?) aminophospholipid phosphatidylserine.

A

VIIa

X

Ca2+; TF; factor VIIa

Anionic

68
Q

TF and factor VIIa also activate factor IX in the intrinsic pathway.

T/F

A

T

69
Q

Indeed, the formation of complexes between membranebound ____ and ____ is now considered to be the key process involved in initiation of blood coagulation in vivo.

A

TF and factor VIIa

70
Q

_______________ (TFPI) is a minor physiologic inhibitor of coagulation.
T/F

A

F

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Major

71
Q

TFPI is a protein that circulates in the blood where it directly inhibits factor ___ by binding to the enzyme ___ its ___ site.

This factor ______ complex then inhibits the factor ____ complex.

A

Xa

near its active

Xa-TFPI

VIIa-TF

72
Q

The formation of factor ___ is the major site where the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge

A

Xa

73
Q

Kaolin, a highly negatively charged hydrated _______, can be used for in (vivo or vitro?) tests as an initiator of the intrinsic pathway.

A

Kaolin

aluminum silicate

Vitro

74
Q

When the components of the contact phase assemble on the activating surface, factor XII is activated to factor XIIa upon ____ by _____.

A

proteolysis

kallikrein

75
Q

factor XIIa, generated by kallikrein, attacks ____ to generate (more or less?) kallikrein, setting up a ____ feedback activation loop.

Factor XIIa, once formed, activates factor XI to XIa and also releases bradykinin (a peptide with potent vasov—- action) from _____

A

prekallikrein

More

positive

dilator

HMW kininogen.

76
Q

phosphatidylserine.

Pro or anti coagulant?

A

Pro

77
Q

Upon binding to the complex of factors ______ on the platelet membrane , prothrombin is cleaved by factor Xa at two sites to generate the active, two-chain thrombin molecule, which is then released from the ____ surface.

A

Va and Xa

platelet

78
Q

Factor XIIIa is a highly specific _____ that covalently cross-links__–chains and, more (slowly or rapidly?) , __-chains of fibrin molecules

A

transglutaminase

γ

Slowly

α

79
Q

The endogenous activity of antithrombin is greatly potentiated by the presence of ______ (_____)

A

sulfated glycosaminoglycans

heparans

80
Q

Which is better to use

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) or Unfractionated?

A

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs),

81
Q

Which acts faster??

Heparin or warfarin

A

Heparin

82
Q

The most common hereditary bleeding disorder is deficiency of factor ___, causing hemophilia A

Hemophilia B, also X chromosome-linked, is due to a deficiency of factor __

A

VIII

IX

83
Q

The most common hereditary bleeding disorder is ______ disease, with a prevalence of up to _% of the population.

A

von Willebrand

1

84
Q

Urokinase can activate plasminogen

T/F

A

T

85
Q

ADPase _____ ADP

A

Degrades

86
Q

Nitric oxide (NO) Inhibits ______ and ______ by elevating levels of ____

Prostacyclin Inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing levels of ——

A

platelet adhesion and aggregation

cGMP

cAMP

87
Q

______ time (aPTT or PTT)

______ time (PT)

_____ time (TT)

A

activated partial thromboplastin

prothrombin

Thrombin

88
Q

Oya, factors and names

I

II

III

IV

A

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

Tissue factor

Calcium

89
Q

Oya, factors and names

V

VIIa

VIII

IX

A

Proaccelerin

Proconvertin

Antihemophilic factor A

Antihemophilic factor B

90
Q

Proaccelerin aka ____

Antihemophilic factor B aka ______

A

Labile factor

Christmas factor

91
Q

Oya, factors and name

X

XI

XII

XIII

A

Stuart-Prower factor

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)

Hageman factor

Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF)

92
Q

List the cofactors in clotting

A

Factors 8,5,3

93
Q

_____ falls under Thiol-Dependent Transglutaminase

_____ falls under fibrinogen

A

Factor 13

Factor 1

94
Q

Zymogens of Serine Proteases includes ????

A

Factor 12,11,9,10,2,7

95
Q

The external blood clot is also called ____. It adheres to the opening of damaged blood vessel and prevents ____

A

scab

blood loss.

96
Q

thrombomodulin is secreted by the endothelium of all the blood vessels, except the minute vessels of ___.

A

brain

97
Q

Heparin is a naturally produced anticoagulant in the body.

T/F

A

T

98
Q

It is produced by ___ cells which are the wandering cells present immediately (inside or outside?) the capillaries in many tissues or organs that contain more connective tissue.

These cells are abundant in ____ and _____. ___phils also secrete heparin.

A

mast

Outside

liver and lungs

Basophils

99
Q

Heparin is a conjugated polysaccharide.

T/F

A

T

100
Q

Commercial heparin is prepared from the liver and other organs of animals. Commercial preparation is available in ___ form or ___ form as ___,___,____,____

A

Liquid

Dry

sodium, calcium, ammonium or lithium salts.

101
Q

Heparin is destroyed by ____ in the body

A

Heparinase

102
Q

_____ is the most expensive anticoagulant.

A

Heparin

103
Q

commonly used oral anticoagulants are ____ and ___

A

Warfarin

Dicoumarol

104
Q

Oxalate is poisonous

T/F

A

T

105
Q

Increasing the temperature postpones the coagulation of blood.

T/F

A

F

Reducing

106
Q

Collecting the blood in a container with smooth surface like a ____-coated container ____ clotting. The smooth surface inhibits the activation of factor ___ and platelets. So, the formation of prothrombin activator is prevented.

A

silicon

prevent

XII

107
Q

Factors 12 is ?????, aka ___

A

Hageman

Contact

108
Q

Hemophilia C or factor ___ deficiency

A

XI

109
Q

Most common hemophilia is ???

Followed by ????

Then ????

A

A

B

C

110
Q

Purpura is a disorder characterized by prolonged ____ time. However, the ____ time is normal.

A

bleeding

clotting

111
Q

Hemophilia is characterized by prolonged ____ time. However, the ____ time is normal

A

clotting

bleeding

112
Q

von Willebrand is also responsible for the survival and maintenance of factor ___ in plasma.

A

VIII

113
Q

During thrombosis, lumen of blood vessels is ____. The solid mass of platelets, red cells and/or clot, which obstructs the blood vessel, is called_____ .

The thrombus formed due to agglutination of RBC is called _____

.

A

occluded

thrombus

agglutinative thrombus

114
Q

Embolism is the process in which the _____ or _____ is detached and carried in _____ and occludes the small blood vessels, resulting in arrests of blood flow to any organ or region of the body.

A

thrombus

a part of it

Bloodstream

115
Q

Embolus is the _____ or _____, which arrests the blood flow.

The obstruction of blood flow by embolism is common in ____ , ______ or _____

A

thrombus or part of it

lungs

Brain

Heart

116
Q

Death of body tissue is called ____.

A

necrosis

Bch202 (3 decks)

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