nutrition

Question 1

what is a food allergy

Answer 1

‘Food allergy’ describes when symptoms are caused by an immune reaction, usually IgE
mediated, but sometimes non‐IgE (thought to be T‐cell mediated but not well understood).

Question 2

what is ‘Food intolerance’

Answer 2

‘Food intolerance’ describes a non‐immune reaction, e.g. lactose intolerance where there is
lactase enzyme deficiency leading to the poor breakdown of lactose in the gastro‐intestinal tract and
the excess unabsorbed lactose results in symptoms.

Question 3

how does obesity affect Collagen structure and function and wound healing?

Answer 3

obesity reduces the mechanical strength of the skin due to a failure of collagen deposition to match the
increased surface area.

Question 4

how does obesity affect the Barrier function of the skin?

Answer 4

increased trans‐epidermal water loss therefore skin

tends to be dry

Question 5

how does obesity affect Sebaceous

glands

Answer 5

obesity leads to increased androgens produced in peripheral fat stimulate sebaceous glands

Question 6

how does obesity affect Apocrine and

eccrine glands

Answer 6

increased activity in enlarged skin folds increases moisture/ skin maceration and friction in folds increases irritation.

Question 7

how does obesity affect Circulation

Answer 7

obesity is associated with microvascular dysfunction

resulting in increased skin blood flow which may contribute to hypertension

Question 8

how does obesity affect Lymphatics

Answer 8

pressure from fat impedes lymphatic flow and causes leakage of protein rich lymphatic fluid into sub cutaneous tissues.

Question 9

how does obesity affect Subcutaneous fat

Answer 9

the endocrine roles of adipose tissue may be altered in
obesity with increased hormone production e.g.
testosterone

Question 10

what is Acanthosis nigricans

Answer 10

a velvety thickening and

pigmentation of the skin folds, usually axillae

Question 11

what is Skin tags (acrochordons)

Answer 11

frequently found around axillae and neck areas

Question 12

true or false both acrochordons and Acanthosis nigricans are associated with insulin resistance

Answer 12

true

it leads to a higher circulating insulin level due to reduced peripheral sensitivity

Question 13

what is Hirsutism

Answer 13

increased hair in females in male distribution e.g. beard area

Question 14

what is Acne

Answer 14

via increased sebaceous gland activity

Question 15

what is Hidradenitis suppurativa

Answer 15

a chronic inflammatory disease where boils and abscesses form and scar in apocrine gland areas
(espec. axillae, groin)

Question 16

what is Androgenetic alopecia

Answer 16

male pattern balding in men / women

Question 17

what are the 4 obesity-associated conditions that are Linked to hyperandrogenism(increased male
hormone levels due to increased production in fat)

Answer 17

Hirsutism
Acne
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Androgenetic alopecia

Question 18

what are Stretch marks (striae distensae)

Answer 18

type of scarring associated with dermal connective tissue injury
in response to local stretching forces e.g. rapid weight gain in pregnancy and obesity