Nutrition

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 1

Examples include pasta, rice, potatoes and bread

Function:
Main source of energy

If there is a lack - ketosis occurs when you don’t have enough sugar for energy. This means that your body breaks down stored fat which causes ketones to build up.

Question 2

Protein

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 2

Examples include meat, fish, eggs and beans

Function:
Growth and repair of cells

If there’s a lack - muscle cramping, weakness and soreness, kwashiorkor

Question 3

Lipids

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 3

Examples include cheese, butter, nuts and oils.

Function:
Second source of energy
Provides insulation and storage

If there’s lack - dry and scaly skin and won’t make cell membrane

Question 4

Vitamin A

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 4

Examples include milk, dairy products and oily fish.

Function:
Good vision
Healthy skin

Question 5

Vitamin C

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 5

Examples include citrus fruits and leafy green veg

Function:
Heal wounds
Maintain healthy connective tissue

If there’s a lack of it can lead to scurvy and loss of teeth

Question 6

Vitamin D

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 6

Examples include eggs, oily fish and margarine

Function:
Maintain healthy bones and teeth

If there’s a lack it can lead to rickets and bone pain

Question 7

Calcium

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 7

Examples include salt, milk, cheese and eggs

Function:
Healthy bones and teeth

If there’s a lack - weak bones and teeth, poor clotting of blood and rickets

Question 8

Iron

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 8

Examples include liver, red meat and nuts

Function:
Needed to produce haemoglobin which is found in red blood cells

If there’s a lack - anaemia (tired and weak).

Question 9

Water

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 9

Examples include food and drinks

Function:
Needed for chemical reactions

If there’s a lack it can lead to death and dehydration

Question 10

Dietary fibre

Examples
Functions
What happens if there is a lack of this?

Answer 10

Examples include fruits, veg and cereals

Function:
Keep digestive system healthy

If there’s a lack it can lead to constipation

Question 11

Energy requirements

Answer 11

Different groups of people need different nutrients at different times in their lives. The energy a person needs depends on things like:

Activity level - active people need more energy than people who sit about all day

Age - children and teens need more energy than older people as they need energy to grow and they are generally more active

Pregnancy - pregnant women need more energy than other women as they have to provide the energy their babies need to develop.

Babies (4-6mnths) need less energy as they haven’t hit puberty yet and they are small still

Children (8yrs) are still growing but need more than babies and boys are more active and so need more energy.

Teenagers (15yrs) - rapid growth at this age. Need ,ore energy as they are going through puberty. However girls need less as they have already gone through puberty.

An adult who sits in a office needs less energy to someone lo,e a builder as they are more active

Elderly people need less as they have stopped growing and tend to be less active.

Question 12

Digestive system diagram

Answer 12

On OneNote

Question 13

Salivary glands

Answer 13

Produces saliva containing amylase

Digests starch

Question 14

Mouth

Answer 14

Food is chewed up by teeth and swallowed

Saliva breaks down the starch to maltose (sugar).

Question 15

Oesophagus

Answer 15

Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach by peristalsis

Question 16

Gall bladder

Answer 16

Stores bile before releasing it

Question 17

Stomach

Answer 17

Churns the food

Contains the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

Question 18

Pancreas

Answer 18

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes and releases them into the small intestine

Question 19

Small intestine

Answer 19

Where food is mixed with bile and digestive enzymes

Produces protease, amylase and lipase

Question 20

Large intestine

Answer 20

Where water is reabsorbed. Also called colon.

Question 21

Rectum

Answer 21

Where faeces are stored

Question 22

Anus

Answer 22

Where faeces leave the alimentary canal

Question 23

Duodenum

Answer 23

Where food comes into contact with bile

Question 24

ileum

Answer 24

Where absorption of the food molecules take place

Question 25

Peristalsis

Answer 25

Peristalsis are wave like movements that are caused by contractions of the muscles that squeeze the food. Fibre in the food keeps the food bulky and soft making peristalsis easier.

Question 26

What was enzymes?

Answer 26

Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up reactions. The Pancreas produces enzymes

Question 27

Amylase

Where it’s found in the alimentary canal
Substrate - what they digest
Product what it turns into

Answer 27

It’s found in the salivary glands

The substrate is starch
The product is maltose

Question 28

Maltase
Where it’s found in the alimentary canal
Substrate
Product

Answer 28

It’s found in the small intestine

Substrate - maltose

Product - glucose

Question 29

Protease

Where it’s found in the alimentary canal
Substrate
Product

Answer 29

Where it’s found - stomach, pancreas and small intestine

Substrate - protein
Product - amino acids

Question 30

Lipase

Where it’s found
Substrate
Product

Answer 30

It’s found in the pancreas and small intestine

Substrate - fat (lipids)
Product - glycerol and fatty acids

Question 31

The role of bile

Answer 31

Bile is a substance made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It flows onto the small intestine via the bile duct.

Bile salts emulsifies fats (lipids) meaning it breaks down large droplets of fat into small droplets of fat so there is an increased surface area for lipase to break down the fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

Sodium hydrogen carbonate in bile neutralises stomach acid and so provides the right pH for pancreatic enzymes to work.

Question 32

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation 
Egestion 

Definitions

Answer 32

Ingestion - taking food into the digestive system

Digestion - breaking down large molecules into simple ones

Absorption - of small digested molecules into the blood

Assimilation - converting food molecules into other useful molecules in the body

Egestion - removal of undirected material from the body.

Question 33

How vili is adapted for the absorption of products of digestion

Answer 33

1. Big surface area so it can absorb lots of molecules at once.
2. Once cell thick and a single leader of epithelial cells so diffusion can occur
3. Rich capillary network to take the nutrients away and transport around the body which helps to maintain a steep concentration gradient.
4. Has lacteal in the centre which is connected to a lymph vessel to help transport fatty acids and glycerol around to the cells