Nutrition 1: Metabolic Fate of Nutrients Flashcards
What are the 3 main process that require energy in the body?
- basal metabolic rate
- thermic effect of food
- physical activity
What is the definition of adequate nutrition?
a balanced diet contained adequate macro and micronutrients to sustain normal health and wellbeing
What are the individual factors that affect nutritional requirements?
- quality/quantity of food
- efficiency of digestive system
- biochemical availablility
- age
- health
- sex
- level of activity
- bad habits
What are the two types of carbohydrates? How are they different?
- simple - mono/disaccharides, easily absorbed, energy available quickly
- complex - polysaccharides, requires significant digestion, energy released more slowly
What is the fate of fructose and galactose in the liver? How does this effect their amounts in circulating blood?
- converted to glucose
- very low amounts in blood (95% glucose)
How many ATP’s produced per 1 mole of glucose?
36/38ATP
Was is glycaemic index?
Ranking of carbohydrates on a scale of 0-100 according to the extend to which their raise blood sugar levels after eating particular type of food
- High GI - rapid digestion, marked increase glucose
- Low GI - slow digestion, gradual raise glucose
What 6 factors affect a food GI?
- processing
- type of starch
- fiber content
- ripeness
- fat and acid content
- physical form
How does processing affect Food’s GI?
Increase: grain refine, no bran
Decrease: wholegrain
How does the type of starch affect GI?
Different configuration, some easier breakdown- such as potatos increase GI
How does Fiber content affect GI?
carbohydrate difficult to break down, decreases GI
How does ripeness affect GI?
Ripe fruits have more glucose- increase GI
How does Fat and acid content affect GI?
Slows down carbohydrate digestion and absorption, decreases GI
How does physical form affect GI?
fine> coarse
overcooked> undercooked
What are the forms of dietary fat?
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- sterols- main cholesterol
What are the two essential fatty acids?
What omega numbers are they?
What are they used for?
linoleic = omega 6 FA
linolenic = omega 3 FA
Metabolic processes, cell membrane components
What are 2 non-essential fatty acids, what are they used for?
palmitic and oleic acids
calories, easy to store
insulation/padding
In terms of the properties of FA’s, why is it difficult to lose weight?
- requires large amounts of oxygen to metabolise
- insoluble in water so difficult to access
What are the 7 functions of fat?
source of energy - tissue activity and body temp, not used by brain, spinal cord and RBCs
incorporation in body structures - cell membranes
protection
insulation
satiety- inhibit gastric motility
fat soluble vitamins- carriers assists absorption
energy storage
How many ATP’s can be liberated from 1 mole of palmitic acid?
130ATP
What process are involved in nitrogen metabolism?
When would a +ve nitrogen balance be occur?
When would a -ve nitrogen balance occur?
anabolism from amino acids
catabolism, NH3 excretion
+ve = pregnany, growth, recovery
-ve = starvation, trauma/infection/sepsis, tissue destruction
What are the 5 fucntions of proteins?
amino acid pool converted to other AA manufacture new protein build new tissue oxidised to produce energy and urea
What are the fat soluble vitamins? What are the water soluble vitamins?
ADEK B complexes, C
What is water required for?
to prevent dehydration solvent for most materials important for metabolism/excretion thermoregulation osmoregulation
