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DIG > Functions of Mouth/oesophagus and associated diseases > Flashcards

Functions of Mouth/oesophagus and associated diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of mouth and oropharynx?

A
  • Chewing food- mastication -increases S.A.
  • Initiation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism- salivary amylase and lipase
  • Lubrication
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2
Q

What is the function of oesophagus?

A

conduit

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3
Q

What does salivary glands contain?

A

exocrine glands

secretory organs

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4
Q

What does exocrine glands secrete?

A

amylase

lipase

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5
Q

What does secretary organs secrete?

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Fluid
  3. IgA
  4. Lysozyme
  5. Lactoferrin
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6
Q

What cells does salivary glands contain?

A
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7
Q

What is the total volume of secretion by salivary glands per 24 hrs?

A

1.5 L

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8
Q

What does parotid gland secrete?

A

Water. Serous histologic type. 20 % of total secretion

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9
Q

Describe the type of saliva produced by each salivary gland. Which salivary gland produces saliva in the greatest volume?

A

Parotid - serous cells, water
Submandibular - mixed cells, slightly viscous
Sublingual - mucous cells, very viscous

greatest volume = submandibular

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10
Q

What does submandibular gland secrete?

A

Viscous secretion. Mixed histologic type. 70 % total secretion

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11
Q

What does sublingual gland secrete?

A

Very viscous secretion. Mucous histologic type . 10 % total secretion

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12
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Lubrication Hydration- keeps oral mucosa moist and prevents dehydration and cell death Cytoprotection- protects oral and oesophageal mucosa from damage

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13
Q

What is the role of IgA in immune function

A

IgA antibodies bind to pathogenic antigen

Bind and neutralise protein toxin

Block attachment of virus to cells

Opsonize bacteria

Activate complement

Activate NK cells

Taken up by M cells in the bowel to stimulate lymphoblasts and subsequent secretion of more IgA

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14
Q

What is the role of Lactoferrin on immune function

A

binds iron and is bactericidal

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15
Q

What is the role of lysozyme on immune function

A

attacks bacterial cell wall - cell lysis

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16
Q

What is the function of salivary duct?

A

Salivary duct cells modify the secretion of acinar cells:

extracts Na+ and Cl-

secretes K+ and HCO3-

Saliva is therefore hypotonic and alkaline

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17
Q

What is the purpose of alkaline saliva?

A

Protects teeth from bacterial acid

neutralises gastric acid that refluxes into the oesophagus

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18
Q

What is Sjogrens sysndrome?

A

Autoimmune attack of salivary and tear glands which results in dry mouth and eyes

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19
Q

Who does Sjogren’s commonly affect?

A

women, associated with rheumatoid factor

20
Q

What is Xerostomia?

A

dry mouth and eyes

21
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for Sjogren’s?

A

ANA and rheumatoid factor

22
Q

What are the symptoms of Mumps virus- parotitis?

A

Prodrome of headache and fever

painful swelling on one or both sides of face

23
Q

What is mumps virus associated with?

A

orchitis- inflammation of testicles

24
Q

How is Mumps prevented?

A

MMR vaccine

25
How is salivary glands secretion controlled predominantly?
Autonomic nervous system- predominantly via **parasympathetic**
26
Which nerves are involved in the parasympathetic control of secretion?
VIIth cranial nerve- facial nerve IXth cranial nerve- glossopharybgeal nerve
27
What is the effect of VIIth cranial nerve of secretion?
secretion of submandibular and sublingual gland
28
What ganglion does the VIIth cranial nerve pass through before innervating the submandibular and sublingual gland?
Submandibular gland
29
What is the effect of IXth cranial nerve on secretion?
secretion of parotid gland
30
What ganglion does the IXth cranial nerve pass through before innervating the parotid gland?
Otic ganglion
31
What the source of sympathetic innervation for salivary glands secretion
Thoracic sympathetics
32
What is the effect of thoracic sympathetics stimulation
Thick mucous secretion of all glands. Vasocontriction
33
What are the 4 phases involved in swallowing?
* **Oral Preparatory Phase** - food is manipulated in the mouth and masticated (chewed) to reduce to a consistency which can be swallowed * **Oral Phase** - the tongue propels food posteriorly until the pharyngeal swallow is triggered * **Pharyngeal Phase** - once the pharyngeal swallow is triggered, the bolus is transported through the pharynx * with co-ordinated closure of the glottis via movement of the epiglottis * and cessation of breathing * and relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) * **Oesophageal Phase** - oesophageal peristalsis carries the bolus from the cricopharyngeal juncture (the UOS) through the oesophagus to the Lower oesophageal Sphincter (LOS)
34
What happens in Oral preparatory phase?
food is manipulated in the mouth and masticated to reduce to a consistancy which can be swallowed
35
What happens in Oral phase?
the tongue propels food posteriorly until the pharyngeal swallow is triggered
36
What happens in Pharyngeal phase?
Once the pharyngeal swallow is triggered , the bolus is transported through the pharynx Co-ordinated closure of glottis via movement of the epiglottis cessation of breathing relaxation of the UOS
37
What happens in Oesophageal phase?
Oesophageal peristalsis Bolus from UOS to LOS
38
How is swallowing controlled?
Swallowing centre in medulla
39
Which nerves are involved in the swallowing centre in medulla
Trigeminal (V) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Hypoglossal (XII)
40
What are the layers in oseophagus, from inner to outer?
Mucosa Submucosa meissners, submucosal plexus Inner circular muscle Myenteric plexus Outer longitudinal muscle NO serosa NO mesentery
41
Histology of Oesophagus
Stratified squamous to GOJ- Z line
42
Oesophagus embryology
the trachea develops as lung buds from the oesophagus as development progresses, the trachea matures and lies anterior to oesophagus
43
What are the congenital problems involving oesophagus?
Tracheoesophageal fistula- oseophagus joins the trachea Oesophageal atresia- oesophagus closing off
44
What are involved in the physiological maintenance of GOS competance?
Lower Oesophageal sphincter tone intra-abdominal length of oesophagus
45
What is involved in the maintenance of LOS tone?
CCK, gastrin, vagal stimulation
46
Pathology of LOS tone
effects of proximal vagotomy loss of CCK in pregnancy

DIG (22 decks)

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