Nutrients Requirement 1 Flashcards
What is nutrition?
Nutrition is the intake of food to meet the body’s needs for energy, growth, and maintenance.
What are the three basic functions of nutrients?
- Provide energy, 2. Contribute to body structure, 3. Regulate chemical processes.
Fill in the blank: ________ are chemical compounds in food that the body uses to function properly.
Nutrients
Which nutrients are classified as macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water.
Which nutrients are classified as micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Vitamins
D) Lipids
C) Vitamins
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy.
What are the two main types of carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates (sugars) and complex carbohydrates (starches and fiber).
What are the three monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
What disaccharide is found in milk?
Lactose (composed of glucose and galactose).
List three sources of carbohydrates.
Cereals, roots and tubers, beans and legumes.
What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?
Salivary amylase.
Where does most carbohydrate digestion occur?
Small intestine.
Which hormone regulates blood glucose levels?
Insulin.
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids.
How many essential amino acids are there?
Nine.
What is a complete protein?
A protein that contains all essential amino acids.
Give an example of a complete protein source.
Animal proteins (meat, fish, eggs, dairy) and soy.
What are two main functions of proteins?
- Growth and repair of tissues, 2. Enzyme and hormone production.
What is the end product of protein digestion?
Amino acids.
Where does protein digestion begin?
In the stomach with the enzyme pepsin.
What are lipids?
A group of organic compounds including fats, oils, and cholesterol.
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
List three sources of unsaturated fats.
Olive oil, avocado, nuts.
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6).
What is the main function of lipids?
Energy storage and cell membrane formation.
Where does lipid digestion occur?
Mostly in the small intestine with bile and lipase enzymes.
Which organ produces bile?
Liver.
What vitamin is required for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D.
Which mineral is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?
Iron.
What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?
Vitamin C deficiency.
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Which water-soluble vitamin is involved in red blood cell production?
Vitamin B12.
What mineral is needed for thyroid hormone production?
Iodine.
What percentage of the human body is water?
Approximately 60%.
What are two major functions of water?
- Transporting nutrients, 2. Regulating body temperature.
What is dehydration?
A condition caused by excessive water loss from the body.
List three sources of water intake.
Drinking water, food, metabolic water.
What is the main function of dietary fiber?
Promotes digestive health and prevents constipation.
Which vitamin is also known as retinol?
Vitamin A.
What is the deficiency disease of vitamin D?
Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.
Which vitamin helps in blood clotting?
Vitamin K.
Fill in the blank: _______ is the most abundant mineral in the body, mainly found in bones and teeth.
Calcium
What mineral deficiency causes goiter?
Iodine deficiency.
What is an antioxidant?
A compound that protects cells from damage by free radicals.
List two food sources of vitamin E.
Sunflower seeds, almonds.
Multiple Choice: Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin K
B) Vitamin C
Which macronutrient provides the highest energy per gram?
Lipids (9 kcal per gram).
What is the main storage form of energy in the body?
Fat (triglycerides).
Which vitamin is essential for fetal neural tube development?
Folate (Vitamin B9).
List two dietary sources of folate.
Dark leafy greens, citrus fruits.
Which vitamin helps in converting tryptophan to niacin?
Vitamin B6.
What is the function of hemoglobin?
To transport oxygen in the blood.
List three sources of iron.
Red meat, spinach, beans.
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To break down food and absorb nutrients.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Small intestine.
What organ stores and releases bile?
Gallbladder.
What are the two main types of digestion?
Mechanical and chemical digestion.
What are the two main types of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
Name the fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
What is the function of vitamin A?
Essential for vision, immune function, and skin health.
Which vitamin is needed for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D.
What are two main sources of vitamin D?
Sunlight and fortified dairy products.
What is the primary function of vitamin E?
Acts as an antioxidant to protect cells from damage.
Which vitamin plays a role in blood clotting?
Vitamin K.
What is the main function of vitamin C?
Collagen formation and immune system support.
What is the deficiency disease of vitamin C?
Scurvy.
Which B-vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects?
Folate (Vitamin B9).
Which vitamin deficiency leads to pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
What is the function of vitamin B1 (thiamin)?
Helps in carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function.
Which B-vitamin is also known as riboflavin?
Vitamin B2.
What are the two major types of minerals?
Macrominerals and trace minerals.
List three macrominerals.
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium.
What mineral is important for bone health?
Calcium.
What is the deficiency disease of calcium?
Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.
Which mineral is needed for red blood cell formation?
Iron.
What is the main function of iodine?
Required for thyroid hormone production.
Which mineral deficiency leads to goiter?
Iodine deficiency.
What is the function of sodium?
Regulates fluid balance and nerve function.
What mineral works with sodium to maintain fluid balance?
Potassium.
What is the function of magnesium?
Muscle function, nerve function, and energy production.
Which mineral is needed for DNA synthesis and immune function?
Zinc.
What is the primary function of water in the body?
Regulating temperature, transporting nutrients, and removing waste.
What percentage of body weight is water in an adult?
About 60%.
Which organ regulates water balance in the body?
The kidneys.
List two symptoms of dehydration.
Dry mouth, dizziness.
What are antioxidants?
Compounds that protect cells from free radical damage.
Give two examples of antioxidants.
Vitamin C, Vitamin E.
Which vitamin helps in energy metabolism?
B-complex vitamins.
What is the deficiency disease of niacin?
Pellagra.
Which B-vitamin helps in amino acid metabolism?
Vitamin B6.
Which vitamin is important for hemoglobin synthesis?
Vitamin B6.
What is the function of phosphorus?
Helps in bone formation and energy metabolism.
What is the primary function of lipids?
Energy storage and insulation.
What are triglycerides composed of?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
What are two essential fatty acids?
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
Which type of fat increases the risk of heart disease?
Saturated fats and trans fats.
Which type of fat is considered heart-healthy?
Unsaturated fats.
What is the main function of protein?
Building and repairing tissues.
What are two sources of complete proteins?
Meat, soy.
Which organ produces digestive enzymes?
Pancreas.
Which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?
Pepsin.
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats for digestion.
What is the final product of carbohydrate digestion?
Glucose.
Which organ stores glycogen?
Liver.
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin.
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Glucagon.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Small intestine.
What are probiotics?
Beneficial bacteria that support gut health.
List two sources of probiotics.
Yogurt, fermented foods.
What are prebiotics?
Non-digestible fibers that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria.
Which vitamin deficiency leads to beriberi?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) deficiency.
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy.
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch and glycogen.
Which enzyme breaks down lactose?
Lactase.
What is lactose intolerance?
Inability to digest lactose due to lactase deficiency.
Which mineral is important for wound healing?
Zinc.
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Transports oxygen in the blood.
What is anemia?
A condition characterized by low red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels.
What is metabolism?
The process by which the body converts food into energy.
