Nutrients Flashcards
Nutrition is the process by which an animal takes in and assimilates feed components for:
A. growth promotion B. milk/fibre production C. replacing tissue D. all of the above E. none of the above
D. All of the above:
growth promotion, fibre/milk production and replacing tissues
what are the different types of nutrients?
Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Minerals Vitamins Water Dietary energy
What nutrient is the primary component in livestock feeds?
Carbohydrates
what are the different types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide (1 sugar): fructose/glucose/galactose/mannose
Disaccharide (2 sugar):
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose
Polysaccharide ( >2 sugar):
cellulose, glycogen, starch, gums, and hemicellulose
What nutrient (other than water) has the highest concentration in living organisms?
Protein
What are some of the functions of proteins?
protecting the body (hair, skin) food digestion (enzymes) stimulate growth (hormones) immune reactions (immunoglobulins)
What amino acids are commonly deficient in cereals/grains?
Lysine, Methionine, and Tryptophan
What are the essential amino acids?
PVT TIM T. HALL
Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine and Taurine (cats)
What essential amino acid is important in cats?
Taurine
Which of the following is a non-essential amino acid?
A. Glycine B. Tryptophan C. Valine D. Histidine E. Arginine
A. Glycine
What are lipids?
organic compounds that are soluble in organic solvents but not soluble in water
What is the main role of lipids?
concentrated storage of energy
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid in which all C bonds are taken by H
What makes an essential fatty acid?
FA that an animal cannot synthesize but which is required in the diet.
ie. Linoleic and Linolenic
what % of the monogastrics diet are essential-FA?
1%
what are common gross features of lipid deficiency and what animals is this most common in?
Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail and poor feathering.
Commonly seen in poultry
What constitutes a mineral?
solid, crystalline element that cannot be broken down or synthesized by chemical reactions.
Inorganic components of the diet
What are the common Macro-minerals?
Salty Potato Chips Contain Pretty Much Salt
Sulphur Phosphorus Calcium Chlorine Potassium Magnesium Sodium
What is the ash content of beef cattle carcass?
3.5%
46% Ca
29% P
24% K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
0.3% trace mineralsWhat are the common mineral deficiencies in the following: Sheep Piglets Grown Pigs Goats Chickens
Sheep: Cobalt
Piglets: Iron
Grown Pigs: Selenium
Goats & Chickens: Zinc
Which of the following is not a water soluble vitamin?
A. Vit C
B. Thiamin (B1)
C. Niacin (B6)
D. Vit D
D. Vit D
Which of the following is not a B vit?
A. Niacin
B. Riboflavin
C. Ascorbic Acid
D. Thiamin
C. Ascorbic acid
Niacin- B6
Riboflavin- B2
Thiamin- B1
B12
All are water soluble vitamins
What are the Fat-soluble vitamins?
Vit A- retinoic Acid
Vit D
Vit E- Alpha-tocopherol
Vit K
Where are most vitamins stored in the body?
Liver.
smaller amounts are stored in the kidney and spleen
T/F: vitamin are bound to specific proteins
True
What are some common signs of vitamin deficiencies?
anorexia, stunted growth, dermatitis, ataxia, weakness
What deficiency accounts for encephalomalacia in chicks aka crazy chick disease?
Vit E
What are the clinical signs of vit B6 (niacin) deficiency in chickens?
edema of the eyelids, rough deficient plumage, weakness and incoordination
What vitamin is deficient in rickets?
Vit D
What clinical sign(s) are seen in chickens with B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?
curled toes
What vit deficiency causes goose-stepping in pigs?
Vit B5 (pantothenic acid)
what nutrient is required in the highest amount in animal diets?
Dietary energy
what is the most important source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What is energy?
the capacity to do work
How do you determine digestible energy? Metabolizable energy?
DE = GE feed - GE feces
ME = DE - GE (urine + gases)
Which nutrient is not considered when formulating rations?
Water
what is the opposite of dry matter?
Moisture content
How is crude protein estimated?
the Kjeldahl method measures nitrogen content. It does not determine/distinguish between sources of nitrogen
What is one drawback to the Kjeldahl method?
it gives false results for feedstuffs that have high N content, but no protein, such as Feed Grade Urea
What does ether extract determine?
Crude Fat
Quantitative test
How would you determine the fatty acid composition?
gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Which of the following is not included in Crude fiber?
A. hemicellulose B. Xylans C. Lignin D. fibrous carbohydrates E. all of the above
E. all of the above
What is NFE? How is it calculated?
Nitrogen-free Extract
estimation of readily available carbohydrates
NFE= 100 - (CP+CF+ Crude Fat+ Ash)
What is the difference between Neutral-Detergent Fiber and Acid detergent fiber?
NDF is the structural component of the plant (cell wall) and is a predictor of voluntary intake. Low NDF values are desired
ADF is the least digestible plant components (cellulose and lignin) and is inversely related to digestibility. Low ADF values are desired
Ash determines
a. Protein content
b. Lipid content
c. Fiber content
d. Specific mineral content
e. None of the above
E. None of the above
Ash determines the total amount of inorganic minerals.
What is the essential Amino Acid for cats?
a. Alanine
b. Taurine
c. Serine
d. Glycine
B. Taurine
Identify the non-essential Amino Acid
a. Arginine
b. Histidine
c. Tryptophan
d. Valine
e. None of the Above
E. None of the Above
Which is the saturated fatty acid?
a. Acetic
b. Oleic
c. Linoleic
A. Acetic
What is the mineral in higher content in Beef cattle ash?
a. K
b. P
c. Mo
d. Zn
e. Ca
E. Ca
