Nutrient Requirements Infancy - Adolescence Part II Flashcards
General vitamin and mineral AI for infants
AI 0 – 6 mo: Mean intake data from infants fed human milk exclusively + [vitamin and mineral] of milk produced by well-nourished mothers
AI 7 -12 Mo: extrapolated from estimates of:
Nutrient intake from human milk (concentration x 0.6 L/d)
PLUS Nutrients provided by usual intakes of complementary weaning foods
Method for extrapolating infant and child requirements
Requirements set as the .75 power of body mass to adjust for metabolic differences related to body weight
(child/adult weight ratio)^.75 x (1 + growth factor)
AI –> AI, EAR –> EAR from infant to adult
Growth factors used to extrapolate DRIs
7 mo - 3 years: .3
4-8, 9-13 years: .15
14-18y males = .15
14-18y females = 0 (negligible growth)
Sodium AI in children and adolescents
Intake above CDRR
No reason to expect that Na req. of children 1 – 18 years are different from adults
- Kidneys matured by 12 months
Ages 1-8 not sex stratified, 9-18 based on highest median intake
Na AI extrapolated down from CDRR sedentary EER
Too much can cause high blood pressure:
80% children and adolescents 1 year of age and older >CDRR
60% percent females 14–18 years of age >CDRR
Potassium deficiency in children and adolescents
1-18 years old
Conditions resulting from K deficiency:
↑ blood pressure, bone demineralization, kidney stones
Result from inadequate intake over an extended period of time, including childhood
Vitamin D requirements for children and adolescents
Vitamin D
0-12 months: 400 IU* supplement rec (breastmilk deficient)
1-13 years: 600 IU
14-18 years: 600 IU
Deficiency (rickets) can:
Decrease intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Cause improper mineralization of bones and teeth bc required for Ca/P uptake
Vitamin K requirements
AI based on median intake for each age group
Significant ↑ in Al from infancy to early childhood –> Most likely due to the method used to set the Al for older infants
- Relatively low in first year of life 2mcg-2.5mcg
-↑ Portion of the diet containing vitamin K-rich fruits and vegetables
Calcium requirements
1-3 years: 100 mg/d accretion –> 700 mg/d RDA
4-8 years: 200 mg/d accretion –> 1000 mg/d
9-13, 14-18 years: 1300 mg/d for calcium retention
- boys 75%, girls 90%
Based on 20% net Ca retention
If there is poor Ca intake in adolescence, eating more later in life will not accommodate needs for bone growth
- Osteoporosis is a pediatric illness
Fe requirement in children 0-12 mo and 1-8 years
0-12 mo: no functional criteria –> AI reflects mean Fe intake of infants fed breast milk
- inadequacy affects growth and cognitive function
1-8 years: median Fe dep + basal losses x 18% bioavailability
- Bioavailability better met through consumption of meat and other animal proteins
Fe factors for requirement in children 9-18
Required for:
Non-anemic Fe deficiency
Factors:
Basal Fe losses
↑ hemoglobin mass
↑ non-storage Fe in tissues
menstrual losses (girls 14-18)
No Fe dep stores component
Required for:
- oligodendrocytes which produce myelin
- cofactor for neurotransmitter synth
Non-anemic iron deficiency → detrimental cognitive effects in adolescence
Iron supplementation in non-anemic iron deficient girls→ ↑ verbal learning, attention and short-term memory
Iodine requirement in children 1-8 years
EAR based on median Iodine intake of malnourished and rehabilitated children
Extrapolated EAR based on body weight is too low and the average intake resulted in positive Iodine balance
