Adolescence Eating Flashcards
Growth spurt
peak height velocity: highest nutritional needs
- Period of rapid changes in physiological, psychological and cognitive functions
Accretion of 20% of adult height and 50% of weight
Not determined by age - very variable in timing
Sex differences in growth spurts
By ages 3-4 growth plateaus (quiescent years)
Boys have overall longer period of growth as well as higher peak velocity but girls go through it earlier
Girls: av 10-11, boys: 11-12 (9-15)
Adolescence definition
Puberty definition
Encompasses entirety of transformation from childhood to young adulthood
Includes only physical changes that occur as a child attains reproductive capacity
- Sexual Maturity Ratings (SMRs): 1-5 (AKA Tanner stages)
SMR
Peak growth is at what stage?
Characteristics in SMRs
Standards used clinically to describe the stage of development
Based on the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics - predictable but varied timing
- growth is predictable for stage of SMR
Peak is: after Tanner stage 2 for girls, Tanner stage 5 for boys
- Girls: breast growth + pubic hair
- Boys: Testes, penis growth and pubic hair
Female puberty vs. male
Late puberty
Female: earlier occurrence, then growth stops
- menarche usually 1 year after breast development and at deceleration of growth
- later menses = more growth
Male: Growth can continue after sexual maturation has ended
Greater growth spurt: more prolonged, more intense, occurs at a later year –> longer total period of growth
Late puberty:
Girls 14-16, boys 14-17
Influences on eating behaviors of adolescents
Infrastructure/access feeds into:
- food insecurity: increased irritability, lower grades, and poorer psychosocial functioning
1)Internal factors: body image, health, preferences
2) External factors: parenting, fads, knowledge, media, cultural environs, fast food (25% kcal), drugs, alcohol
Feed into lifestyle –> individual food behavior
Effect of physiological changes on eating behavior
70% of females 14 – 18 years have dieted (only 15% classified as obese)
- increased nutrient def, weight cycling
- set point issues (10% drop in weight –> 15% drop in BMR –> increased weight gain) –> more adipose less lean tissue
Peer influence on dietary intake
Minimal influence on fruit and vegetable intake
Stronger influence on consumption of whole grain foods, dairy products, and breakfast
Snack and soft drink consumption greater when adolescent’s peers had high consumption of these items
Vending machines at school
Issues with meal skipping
Can cause disturbances to appetite regulation
May lead to overeating during subsequent meal times
Can lead to undereating overall
Reduced diet quality
Skipping to diet - monitor this
Obesity prevention
Educate parents about risks to children.
Parent-targeted interventions more successful
Motivational interviewing used to treat obesity - personal motivation
Weight maintenance usually the goal for children 2–11 years old
Anorexia nervosa definition
DMS 5: Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of: age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health
Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced - and heavy emphasis on self worth based on appearance
Denial of seriousness of one’s condition
Anorexia nervosa risks
2-20% multi organ failure
- Electrolyte imbalance –> cardiovascular abnormalities (arrhythmia; inefficient heart pumping due to weakened heart muscles)
Growth cessation; atrophy of GI tract
GI symptoms - diarrhea, cramping and fever
Cessation of menstruation
Change in body functions characteristic of starvation: Dry skin,Hirsutism, Thin brittle dry hair, hair loss, Dehydration and edema
Premature bone loss –> osteoporosis
Muscle wasting and decreased BMR
Defective thermoregulation
Decreased blood pressure
Kidney dysfunction
Death may be due to Wernicke’s encephalopathy (B1 def)
Treatment and refeeding syndrome in anorexia nervosa
Medical stabilization, Treatment of complications, Refeeding, Psychosocial rehabilitation
Refeeding syndrome: Hypokalemia (K), hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and thiamin deficiency
Bulimia definition
Binging >1/week followed by purging, for 3 months
Binging = eating in a discrete period of time an excessive amount of food and a lack of control while eating
Compulsion to eat not a response to hunger
Distorted/ill-informed attitudes regarding food and nutrition
Self evaluation according to body shape and Wt; fear of gaining too much Wt
May also be present in anorexics
Vomiting from bulimia health consequences
Hypokalemia chain reaction
Irritation and infection of esophagus, salivary glands
Erosion of teeth and dental caries
Dehydration and Electrolyte imbalances
Prolonged vomiting –> loss of acidic hydrogen particles via stomach acid –> XS bicarbonate, alkaline pH –> body aims to restore water and pH balance –> hypokalemia
Hypokalemia –> muscle weakness, twitching, cramping
XS bicarbonate –> slower breathing rate
