Nutrient recommendations Flashcards
Give examples (3) on disease that could be prevented by nutrition recommendations.
Acoording to WHO 90% of type-2- diabetes, 80% of CVD and 30% cancers can be prevented by better dietary habits, less smoking and sufficient levels of physical activity.
Internationally dietary recommendations and guidelines are available in many countries in the world – to reduce the make burden of nutrition-related diseases.
What is the focus in the Nordic nutrition recommendations?
Focus on quality and the whole diet and from which specific sources we get various nutrients. Not only quantities (although recom. Intake of fat, carbohydrates and protein as percentage of total energy intake also are given.
And for what should NNR be used?
The NNR are based on current nutritional conditions in the Nordic countries and are to be used as a basis for planning a diet that: satisfies the nutrional needs, i.e. covers the physiological requirements for normal metabolic functions and growth, and supports overall good health and contributes to a reduced risk of diet-associated diseases.
The recommendations are not definitive! As new scientific knowledge emerges with time, the NNR have to be reassessed when appropriate.
The NNR can be used for a variety of purposes:
As a guidline for dietary planning.
As a tool for assessment of dietary intake
As a basis for food an nutrition policies
As a basis for nutrition information and education
As guiding values when developing food products.
And how to combine different food
What is important to take into consideration with nutrition recommendations regarding avg over time?
Avergae intake over time.
The NNR are valid for the average intake over a longer period of time of at leaste a week because the dietary composition varies from meal to meal and from day to day. The recommended intakes refer to the amount of nutrients ingested, and losses during food preparation, cooking, etc. have to be taken into account when the values are used for planning diets. Nutrients can be affected by the cooking and losses. Watersoluble vitamins
What are food based dietary guidelines based on?
Are based on an overall assessment of the present knowledge about the impact of food and food groups on health and/or risk of disease. Requires various types of scientific data, especially prospective cohort studies, RCTs and other epidemiological studies. (Food group e.g. whole grain products, fruit and veg, processed meat)
What does a cohort study means?
Definition: a study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factor) are associated with it. AS the study is conducted, outcome from participants in each cohort is measured and relationship with specific characteristic detrmined. The cohorts need to be chosen from separate, but similar, populations.
Group of people you follow over a certain time w. risk factor. Risk factor e.g. high/low density lipo cholesterol, high blood pressure, high triglyceral-levels. Needes to have similar population.
Can be retrospective - looking to the past. Prospective -looking into future.
Ex:
What is a randomized controlled trial?
Definition: a study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. AS the study is conducted the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the outcome variable being studied. An RCT should be a study of one population.
Why has the NNR got criticism?
Critisicm of the NNR in January 2018
The claim from SvD was related to suggestion that the dietary advices in NNR have no or weak evidence, and that randomized controlled studies are necessary (as used in drug trials)
Respons from the Swedish food agency (SLV)
To base dietary advice only on randomized interventions studies, is neither possible nor desirable. It is very complicated, and sometimes even unethical, to control over peoples food for a long time. Many diseases are slowly progressing and therefore so-called observational studies are needed – takes long time but in recent years, a lot of new data from both observational and experimental studies have been published on the health impact of foods, food patterns, and whole diets.
What are some beneficial effects of high intake of plant foods?
Plant foods such as vegetables, fruits and berries, nuts and seeds, and whole-grain cereals are rich in dietary fibre, micronutrients, and potential bioactive constituents.
There is strong scientific evidence that natural fibre rich plant foods contribute to decreased risk of diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer.
State som pros and cons with meat, dairy and eggs.
Animal foods such as meat, dairy and eggs are important protein and mineral sources in the diet. But, meat and dairy are also major contributors of saturaded fatty acids -> high-fat products should be exchanged for low-fat dairy and lpw-fat meat alternatives. There is strong epidemiological evidence that high consumption of processed meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer, type-2 diabetes, obesity and coronary heart disease.
Similar, but weaker, associations have been observed for red meat -> replacing processed and red meat with vegetarian alternatives (such as pulses), fish or poultry reduces the risk. High consumption of low-fat milk products has been associated with reduced risk of hypertension, stroke and type-2 diabetes.
What are some(7) recommendations to promote health and well-being?
Decrease energy density,
increase micro-nutrient density,
improve carbohydrate quality.
Improve dietary fat quality by balancing the fatty acid proportions.
Limit processed and red meat.
Limit the use of salt in food products and preparation.
How much carbohydrates/fat/protein should the E% be?
Carbohydrates: 45-60
Fat: 25-40
Protein: 10-20
How should the fat intake be distrubuted in E%?
. Cis-mono unsaturated and polysaturated fatty acids: at least two thirds of the total fat intake. -cis-mono unsaturated should 10-20 E%. -cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids, 5-10 E%, including at least 1E% from n-3 fatty acids.
Recommended intake of fat. Intake of saturated fat limited to less than 10 E%. Intake of trans-fatty acid as low as possible. Linoelic (n-6) and alpha linolenic (n-3) should contribute at least 3 E%.
What are some recommendations regarding physical activity?
Guidelines for physical activity are an integral part of the NNR. Physical activity (and inactivity) influence growth, development, and long-term health and interact with food intake and dietary patterns. Children at least 60 min/day – moderate/intensive avtivity (as diverse as possible). Adults: a minimum of 30 min daily physical activity of moderate intensity.
Why is early nutrition important?
The evidence for the importance of early nutrition in terms of both short- and long-term health is growing. Promoting and supporting exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of an infants life followed by partial breastfeeding until the age of one year is one strategy to promote adequate growth and prevent obesity later in life. Good with small amount of exposure during first year to trigger imunosystem.
