NUTR Capstone - Exam #1 Flashcards
What is the AND Code of Ethics?
- American Dietetic Association updated the 1999 code of ethics in 2009;
- “19 principles to guide dietetics professionals in their conduct, commitments and obligations to self, client, society, and the profession.”
What are the AND (ADA) values for the Code of Ethics?
- Customer Focus;
- Integrity;
- Innovation;
- Social Responsibility
What is Customer Focus?
- Meets the needs and exceeds expectations of internal and external customers;
- Principles 5, 9
What is Integrity?
- Acts ethically with accountability for life-long learning and commitment to excellence;
- Principles 1,2,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,13,17,18
What is Innovation?
Embraces change with creativity and strategic thinking
What is Social Responsibility?
- Makes decisions with consideration for inclusivity as well as environmental, economic and social implication;
- Principles 3, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
When does an ethical researcher practice ethical behavior?
- An ethical researcher practices ethical behavior from the beginning to the end of the study;
1. Design of a study;
2. Collection of data;
3. Analysis of data;
4. Publication of the findings
What are possible Errors in Research?
- Human errors → Honest mistakes;
- Fraud → Intentional deception or misrepresentation
What is good ethical design, conduct and analysis of a research study?
- A well-crafted research design minimizes errors;
- Confidentiality of medical and personal information is essential;
- The protocol should be carefully followed by all members of the research team and the data carefully collected, recorded, and stored.
What makes an Ethical Presentation and Interpretation of Research?
- Practice honesty, truthfulness and full disclosure.;
- Present the “truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.”;
- Use the best statistical technique to answer the question (driven by the original research question and hypothesis).;
- Present the study limitations.
What makes Ethics in Publication?
- Peer review helps prevent poor research and fraudulent information from being published;
- All listed authors are expected to have contributed to the publication;
- An author’s conflict of interest must be disclosed.
What are Common Research Errors?
- Sampling;
- Non-coverage;
- Nonresponse;
- Measurement;
- Errors of data distortion and overgeneralization;
- Errors in authorship and conflict of interest
What are Sampling Errors?
Study sample does not represent the actual sample
What are Non-Coverage Errors?
A sample that excludes some individuals
What are Nonresponse Errors?
A sample with a low response rate or loss of subjects to follow-up
What are Measurement Errors?
Use of slanted questions and/or use of instruments that lack reliability and validity
What is the Nuremberg Code of 1947?
- 10 principles that must be followed in human experimentation;
- First established the requirement for INFORMED CONSENT.
What is the Declaration of Helsinki?
- 12 basic principles to use when submitting experimental protocols;
- This idea lead to the genesis of the INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB).
What is the Belmont Report?
- Issued by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (President’s commission formed in 1974);
- Three basic principles upheld in the Belmont Report are:
1. Respect for persons,
2. Beneficence, and
3. Justice
What is the Belmont Report establish are the roles of the IRB?
- Protect rights of subjects;
- Demand non-coerced consent, confidentiality, protection of privacy, equity in subject selection, autonomous right of free choice including right of subject to terminate participation without penalty and termination of the research project at any point if the data warrants such action
What US Legislation
- IRBs are governed by TITLE 45 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS PART 46;
- Included in the National Research Act of 1974.
What is the National Research Act of 1974?
The Act defined IRBs and put the regulation of the IRB under the Office of Human Research Protection within the Department of Health and Human Services.
What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
- The IRB is an independent ethics committee or ethical review board.;
- Made up of a variety of members from different backgrounds;
- This committee is formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans;
- Their number one priority is to protect human subjects from physical or psychological harm.
What types of studies are reviewed by the IRB?
- Exempted
- Expedited
- Full Review
What are the LSU IRBs?
Both LSU and the LSU AgCenter have IRB committees;
What makes up the LSU AgCenter IRB?
- IRB Forms =
- Application for Exemption;
- Regular application (Expedited or Full Review) - IRB members
What is the required NIH certification regarding human research studies?
“Protecting Human Research Participants Certificate”
What are 3 Guiding Principles used in Human Research?
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
Why is research needed?
- Objectively measure complex environments
- Rigorously test hypotheses and compare and evaluate of the outcome of procedures, treatments, and protocols
- Carefully examine associations/relationships
→ “Generates New Information or Knowledge
How do you ensure that you are interpreting nutrition-related research carefully?
- Think critically and carefully when interpreting nutrition research findings.;
- Consider the type of research design and what can be concluded.
What are the 2 broad categories of research?
- Descriptive research
2. Analytical research
What is Descriptive Research?
- Describes the state or characteristic at a specific point in time;
- Useful for generating hypotheses;
- Provide baseline data (monitor over time)
- Includes:
- -qualitative research (Dr. Marks research)
- -surveys (cross-sectional information) **
- -case reports
- *** Our class project will be this type of research
What is Analytical Research?
- Analytical research (Inferential) → “This happens because of this”;
- Either EXPERIMENTAL;
- or Analytical but NOT experimental = Cohort (prospective or case-control)
What is a Prospective Cohort Study?
Prospective cohort (epidemiology study) → Enroll a whole bunch of people and then follow them FORWARD and see who gets sick or develops a condition
What is a Case-Control Study?
Case-control studies (epidemiology study) → Find people who already have a disease and those who don’t, and look BACK determine the differences in their lives that might have lead to the disease
What makes a experimental study?
- Randomized!!;
- Most rigorous study design =
1. Subjects are informed about the study.
2. After consenting to participate, subjects are randomized to one or more treatment or intervention groups (with minors, parents provide consent for their children to participate and children agree or “assent” to participate).
3. Participants are observed for the occurrence of particular outcomes or end points.
4. The design can be a group comparison or cross-over.
5. Causal inferences can be defended.
What are the characteristics of an experimental study?
- Randomized;
- Most rigorous design;
- Have a hypothesis or multiple hypotheses;
- Have dependent and independent variables
What is an dependent variable?
- outcome variable of interest;
- “Main character of a story (research)”
What is an independent variable?
- factor(s) thought to influence the dependent variable and is manipulated in the experimental design;
- “All of the other characters that influence the main character, good or bad”
What are the characteristics of Prospective Cohort Studies? (Epidemiological)
- The design is not experimental but it is analytic;
- A cohort is a group of people who are followed over time and while watching a common characteristic or factor of interest (usually a disease or condition);
- The cohort is followed forward in time to observe its experiences;
- The possible causal factor under investigation is called the exposure;
- It is assumed that the cohorts are comparable in all relevant factors other than the exposure.
What are the characteristics of Case-Control Studies (Epidemiological)?
- The design is not experimental but it is analytic.;
- These studies are retrospective and historically oriented.;
- Exposure status is assessed after disease status is known. ;
- Comparison groups are formed on the basis of disease or outcome status, either with disease diagnosis (cases) or without disease diagnosis (controls).
What is the Hierarchy of Evidence?
Broad to Specific:
- Expert Opinion;
- Case Report;
- Case-Control;
- Cross-Sectional;
- Prospective Cohort;
- Clinical Study;
- Double Blinded;
- Randomized control trial
What is a Confidence Interval?
Ratio of where answer actually lies;
- Greater than 1 means greater risk;
- Less than 1 means less risk associated;
- Equal to 1 means that it is not technically statistically significant
What is out class research study?
- The HUEC 4110 Research Project will be a descriptive, cross-sectional study;
- The project will have an OBJECTIVE or PURPOSE (not a hypothesis);
- Subject information will be collected using a survey-type instrument (pictures) and from a consent form;
- This study will provide descriptive information and will make inferences;
- It will describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population;
- It will NOT be an experimental study = no randomization
What are the steps in Designing a Research Study?
- Select a research topic that is meaningful,expands current knowledge, and enhances practice;
- Prepare for the research project by:
- reviewing the literature,
- solidifying the topic,
- addressing the issues, and
- identifying resources
What is the next step after designing the study?
- *State the Research Question
3. Formulate the research question and evaluate its feasibility. - Use words such as: identify, compare, differentiate, assess, and describe;
- Describe: who, what, and how assessed;
4. Design the research project (Choose the best research design)
What is the difference in a Research Objective or Hypothesis?
- Descriptive studies state an objective or purpose = Define distribution of disease and health-related characteristics of the population;
- Analytical studies, particularly experimental studies, state a hypothesis
What are the essential characteristics of a HYPOTHESIS?
- Measurable;
- Specifies the population being studied;
- Identifies a time frame;
- Specifies the type of relationship being examined;
- Defines the variables being studied;
- States the level of statistical significance
What are the types of DESCRIPTIVE research designs?
- Qualitative;
2. Surveys
What is Qualitative Research?
- Descriptive Design;
- Explores the phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory development;
- Data is collected via observation, interviews and questionnaires.
What is Survey Research?
- Describe and quantify characteristics of a population;
- Research using a survey has a research objective not a research hypothesis
What is QUASI EXPERIMENTAL (Partially Controlled) Design?
- Experiments that compare groups that have not been randomized;
- Causal inferences are difficult to defend.
What is EXPERIMENTAL Design?
- Have a hypothesis or many hypotheses;
- Have dependent and independent variables
- -Dependent variable – outcome variable of interest
- -Independent variable – factor(s) thought to influence the dependent variable and is manipulated in the experimental design
What is the best source for examining nutrition literature?
USDA Nutrition-Evidence Library
What must be remembered with research design?
- It is important to understand the types of research design and recognize the strengths and weakness of each.;
- Formulate your conclusions carefully after considering the type of research.
What determines the type of dietary assessment used in a research study?
- Purpose of the investigation;
- Necessary precision;
- Particular population;
- Time period of interest;
- Available resources
What is VALID data?
- Is the data TRUTHFUL?;
- Was the instrument used appropriate for the population?;
- Compared to biomarkers or doubly labeled water
What is RELIABLE data?
-Can it be REPRODUCED by another group of investigators or at another time by the same investigators?
How common is underreporting of dietary intake?
Common → 10% to 45% of individuals underreport
Who tends to underreport?
- Obese;
- Women vs. men;
- People of low socioeconomic status