Nurtition, Diet And Bodyweight

Question 1

What is the SI unit for energy?

Answer 1

KJ

Question 2

How many KJ in 1 KCal?

Answer 2

4.2

Question 3

What are sucrose, fructose, lactose and maltose made up of?

Answer 3

Sucrose: glucose- fructose
Fructose: sugar monosaccharide
Lactose: glucose- galactose
Maltose: glucose- glucose

Question 4

What’s the difference between starch and glycogen?

Answer 4

Starch: glucose- glucose with 1-4 and a bonds only
Glycogen: glucose- glucose 1-4 and 1-6 bonds, making it branched

Question 5

What are the 9 essential amino acids, not synthesised by the body?

Answer 5

• isoleucine
• lysine
• threonine
• histidine
• leucine
• methionine
• phenylalanine
• tryptophan
• valine
  If learnt, this huge list may prove truely valuable

Question 6

What amino acids become essential in pregnancy and as a child?

Answer 6

Argentina, tyrosine, cysteine

Question 7

Why is animal meat a ‘high quality’ source of protein and plants a ‘low quality’ source

Answer 7

Animal meats contain all 20 amino acids, plant sources are missing some

Question 8

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 8

Triglycerides- 3 fatty acids + glycerol

Question 9

What is a trans fat?

Answer 9

where there are C=C bonds in the fatty acid chain but the H are on difffent sides (trans not cis isomer)

Question 10

Other than high energy yields, why else are fats important in diet?

Answer 10

Needed for vitamins A, D, E and K absorption

Question 11

Give roles for Ca, PO4 and iron

Answer 11

Ca- signalling and teeth and bone development
Iron- heamoglobin
PO4- teeth and bone

Question 12

What minerals are needed from diet for cofactors?

Answer 12

Mg, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn

Question 13

What are the requirements per Kg per day for Na, K, Cl and water in an IV?

Answer 13

Na, K and Cl- 1mmol/kg/day

Water- 30 my/Kg/day

Question 14

What does niacin deficiency cause?

Answer 14

Pellagra - dermatitis, light sensitivity, dementia, diarrhoea

Question 15

Where can fibre be found in the diet?

Answer 15

Cereal, breads, beans, fruit, veg

Question 16

How much fibre is needed per day?

Answer 16

18g

Question 17

What does too much and too little fibre cause?

Answer 17

Too much= low cholesterol –> diarrhoea as less water reabsrobed from bile salts. Also lower diabetes risk.
Too little- constipation and bowel cancer

Question 18

What is the reference nutrient intake (RNI) recommendations? What % of pop does it cover?

Answer 18

Amount of vitamins, minerals and proteins needed for 97% of population

Question 19

What is estimated average intakes (EAR)?

Answer 19

Energy needed for 50% of people (avg)

Question 20

What are the lower reference nutrient intakes?

Answer 20

Minimum intake for bottom 2.5% of people, amount needed depends on age, ethnicity and gender

Question 21

How many KJ of energy does the avg male and female need/ use per day?

Answer 21

M= 12,000
F= 9,500

Question 22

What 3 things contribute to the daily energy expenditure?

Answer 22

• basal metabolic rate
• voluntary physical activity
• diet induced thermogenesis (energy required to process food)

Question 23

How is BMI calculated?

Answer 23

Weight (kg)/ height (M) squared

Question 24

What are the health risks associated with obesity?

Answer 24

Increased risk of cancer, CVD, T2 diabetes, stroke, osteoarthritis ect

Question 25

What is desirable BMI ?

Answer 25

18.5- 24.9

Question 26

What is overweight, obese and severely obese categories for BMI?

Answer 26

Overweight: 25- 29.9 Obese: 30-34.9 Severely obese: >35

Question 27

What is an alternative to BMI?

Answer 27

Hip: waist ratio

Question 28

What distribution of fat (body shape) is associated with the biggest risk fo T2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke and high cholesterol?

Answer 28

Apple shape- lots of upper body fat

Question 29

What is the normal blood glucose range?

Answer 29

3.3-6 mmol/L

Question 30

What is the presentation of someone with marasmus disorder?

Answer 30

Thin, Wasted limbs with no muscle definition or fat. NO OEDEMA. Usually in 1st year of life

Question 31

Describe the pathology behind marasmus disorder.

Answer 31

Decreased energy intake means fat, liver glycogen and muscle is being broken down. They have low (but enough) protein intake to stop odema and the fluid intake is very low so there isn't much extra water intake to create oedema. Main thing here in ENERGY INTAKE LOW

Question 32

Describe the presentation of kwashiorkor syndrome

Answer 32

Oedema in abdomen, swollen legs and arms, muscle wasting is present but hidden. Onset after breast feeding stopped. Fatty liver disease present .

Question 33

Why does kwashiorkor syndrome occur?

Answer 33

PROTEIN INTAKE VERY LOW. Means lipoproteins not produces so lipids not transported out liver--> fatty liver disease Albumin cannot be made in liver due to fatty liver and no protein intake. Leads to decrease oncotic pressure of blood, so more water move out into interstitial space--> oedema. Fluid and energy intake normally low or normal

Question 34

How are kwashiorkor and marasmus managed?

Answer 34

- glucose, rehydration and replace electrolytes then slowly start to refeed - Do not give protein in kwashiorkor because the protein will be converted to ammonia but the liver is damaged so it will not be able to convert the ammonia to urea and the high ammonia conc will kill them

Question 35

Why does refeeding symptom occur?

Answer 35

- All stored low, including phosphorus store. So when meal given all PO4-2 will be used up to store the nutrients from the meal. The PO4-2 will then become VERY low, leading to cardiac arrest - Also, enzymes for urea cycle down regulated as previously a low protein diet. So when lots protein intaken and converted to ammonia it cannot be converted to urea fast enough so they get ammonia toxicity

Question 36

How are dietary carbohydrates such as starch or glycogen digested?

Answer 36

Amylase in saliva breaks down into dextrins. Pancreatic amylase degrades detrixins into mono/ disaccharides. Disacchardies attach to bush boarder where sucrase/ lactase/ amylase (1- 4 bonds)/ isomaltase (1-6 bonds) break down into monosaccharides

Question 37

How is glucose absorbed into blood at epethilia and in liver, kindest and B cells of pancreas? How does this differ to muscle and adipose cells?

Answer 37

- Sodium cotransport at apical membrane and then GLUT2 facilitates diffusion into blood stream - GLUT4 present in adipose and muscle cells- only on surface when insulin present.

Question 38

What is the difference between primary and secondary lactase deficiency?

Answer 38

Primary- abcense of lactase persistence allele, so lactase at brith but none in adults Secondary- caused by injury to small intestine (crones, coeliac ect).

Question 39

Is congenital lactase deficiency (no lactase allelles) rare or common cause of lactose intolerance?

Answer 39

rare

Question 40

What are symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Answer 40

Bloating, cramps, flatulance, diarrhoea, vomiting, rumbling stomach. Goes away when lactose ruled out of diet.

Question 41

Which cells cannot create energy from other sources so have an 'absolute requirement' for glucose?

Answer 41

- RBCs - Neutrophils - Innermost cells of kidney medulla (low O2 supply) - Lens of eye (no capillaries, no O2)

Question 42

Does the CNS have an absolute requirement of glucose?

Answer 42

No, it can use ketone bodies to create energy but prefers glucose.